ERC

This manual is for ERC version 5.1.4.

Copyright © 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front-Cover texts, or Back-Cover Texts.

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Obtaining ERC

Advanced Usage

1. Introduction

ERC is a powerful, modular, and extensible IRC client for Emacs.

It comes with the following capabilities enabled by default.

• Flood control
• Timestamps
• Join channels automatically
• Buttonize URLs, nicknames, and other text
• Wrap long lines
• Highlight or remove IRC control characters
• Highlight pals, fools, and other keywords
• Detect netsplits
• Complete nicknames and commands in a programmable fashion
• Make displayed lines read-only
• Input history
• Track channel activity in the mode-line

2. Obtaining ERC

These sections may be skipped if you are using the version of ERC that comes with Emacs.

2.1 Releases

Choose to install a release if you want to minimize risk.

Errors are corrected in development first. User-visible changes will be announced on the erc-discuss@gnu.org mailing list. see section Getting Help and Reporting Bugs.

Debian users can get ERC via apt-get. The `erc' package is available in the official Debian repository.

Alternatively, you can download the latest release from http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/erc.

2.2 Development

Choose the development version if you want to live on the bleeding edge of ERC development or try out new features before release.

GNU Arch

ERC is developed using GNU Arch. Downloading ERC with Arch and staying up-to-date involves the following steps.

2. Install arch
   • Debian: apt-get install tla.
   • Other distributions: see ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-arch/.
3. Register the archive.

   tla register-archive -f http://arch.sv.gnu.org/archives/erc/erc

4. Download the ERC source code.

   # Download ERC into the `erc' directory. tla get erc@sv.gnu.org/erc--main--0 erc

5. List upstream changes that are missing from your local copy. Do this whenever you want to see whether new changes have been committed to ERC.

   # Change to the source directory you are interested in. cd erc/ # Display the summary of changes tla missing --summary

6. Update to the latest version by replaying missing changes.

   cd erc tla update

If you are new to Arch and want to learn more about developing with it, you might find this tutorial helpful: http://www.mwolson.org/projects/ArchTutorial.html.

Development snapshots

Alternatively, the latest development snapshot may be downloaded in both ".tar.gz" and ".zip" forms.

• http://www.mwolson.org/static/dist/erc-latest.tar.gz
• http://www.mwolson.org/static/dist/erc-latest.zip

3. Installation

ERC may be compiled and installed on your machine.

This section may be skipped if you are using the version of ERC that comes with Emacs.

Compilation

This is an optional step, since Emacs Lisp source code does not necessarily have to be byte-compiled. It will yield a speed increase, though.

A working copy of Emacs or XEmacs is needed in order to compile ERC. By default, the program that is installed with the name emacs will be used.

If you want to use the xemacs binary to perform the compilation, you would need to edit `Makefile' in the top-level directory as follows. You can put either a full path to an Emacs or XEmacs binary or just the command name, as long as it is in the PATH.

EMACS    = xemacs
SITEFLAG = -no-site-file

Running make should compile the ERC source files in the `lisp' directory.

Installation

ERC may be installed into your file hierarchy by doing the following.

Edit the `Makefile' file so that ELISPDIR points to where you want the source and compiled ERC files to be installed and INFODIR indicates where to put the ERC manual. Of course, you will want to edit EMACS and SITEFLAG as shown in the Compilation section if you are using XEmacs.

If you are installing ERC on a Debian system, you might want to change the value of INSTALLINFO as specified in `Makefile'.

Run make as a normal user.

Run make install as the root user if you have chosen installation locations that require this.

4. Getting Started

To use ERC, add the directory containing its files to your load-path variable, in your `.emacs' file. Then, load ERC itself. An example follows.

(require 'erc)

Once ERC is loaded, the command M-x erc-select will start ERC and prompt for the server to connect to.

5. Keys Used in ERC

This is a summary of keystrokes available in every ERC buffer.

C-a or <home> (`erc-bol')

Go to beginning of line or end of prompt.

RET (`erc-send-current-line')

Send the current line

TAB (`erc-complete-word')

If at prompt, complete the current word. Otherwise, move to the next link or button.

M-TAB (`ispell-complete-word')

Complete the given word, using ispell.

C-c C-a (`erc-bol')

Go to beginning of line or end of prompt.

C-c C-b (`erc-iswitchb')

Use `iswitchb-read-buffer' to prompt for a ERC buffer to switch to.

C-c C-c (`erc-toggle-interpret-controls')

Toggle interpretation of control sequences in messages.

C-c C-d (`erc-input-action')

Interactively input a user action and send it to IRC.

C-c C-e (`erc-toggle-ctcp-autoresponse')

Toggle automatic CTCP replies (like VERSION and PING).

C-c C-f (`erc-toggle-flood-control')

Toggle use of flood control on sent messages.

C-c TAB (`erc-invite-only-mode')

Turn on the invite only mode (+i) for the current channel.

C-c C-j (`erc-join-channel')

Join channel. If point is at the beginning of a channel name, use that as default.

C-c C-k (`erc-go-to-log-matches-buffer')

Interactively open an erc-log-matches buffer

C-c C-l (`erc-save-buffer-in-logs')

Append buffer contents to the log file, if logging is enabled.

C-c C-n (`erc-channel-names')

Run "/names #channel" in the current channel.

C-c C-o (`erc-get-channel-mode-from-keypress')

Read a key sequence and call the corresponding channel mode function. After doing C-c C-o, type in a channel mode letter.

C-g means quit. RET lets you type more than one mode at a time. If l is pressed, erc-set-channel-limit gets called. If k is pressed, erc-set-channel-key gets called. Anything else will be sent to `erc-toggle-channel-mode'.

C-c C-p (`erc-part-from-channel')

Part from the current channel and prompt for a reason.

C-c C-q (`erc-quit-server')

Disconnect from current server after prompting for reason.

C-c C-r (`erc-remove-text-properties-region')

Clears the region (start,end) in object from all colors, etc.

C-c C-t (`erc-set-topic')

Prompt for a topic for the current channel.

C-c C-u (`erc-kill-input')

Kill current input line using `erc-bol' followed by `kill-line'.

6. Modules

One way to add functionality to ERC is to customize which of its many modules are loaded.

There is a spiffy customize interface, which may be reached by typing M-x customize-option erc-modules RET. Alternatively, set erc-modules manually and then call erc-update-modules.

The following is a list of available modules.

autoaway

Set away status automatically

autojoin

Join channels automatically

bbdb

Integrate with the Big Brother Database

button

Buttonize URLs, nicknames, and other text

completion

Complete nicknames and commands (old). This is the old module--you might prefer the "pcomplete" module instead.

fill

Wrap long lines

identd

Launch an identd server on port 8113

irccontrols

Highlight or remove IRC control characters

list

List channels nicely in a separate buffer

log

Save buffers in logs

match

Highlight pals, fools, and other keywords

netsplit

Detect netsplits

noncommands

Don't display non-IRC commands after evaluation

notify

Notify when the online status of certain users changes

page

Process CTCP PAGE requests from IRC

pcomplete

Complete nicknames and commands (programmable)

readonly

Make displayed lines read-only

replace

Replace text in messages

ring

Enable an input history

scrolltobottom

Scroll to the bottom of the buffer

services

Identify to Nickserv (IRC Services) automatically

smiley

Convert smileys to pretty icons

sound

Play sounds when you receive CTCP SOUND requests

spelling

Check spelling of messages

stamp

Add timestamps to messages

track

Track channel activity in the mode-line

truncate

Truncate buffers to a certain size

unmorse

Translate morse code in messages

7. Advanced Usage

7.1 Connecting to an IRC Server

The easiest way to connect to an IRC server is to call M-x erc-select. If you want to assign this function to a keystroke, the following will help you figure out its parameters.

Function: erc-select

Select connection parameters and run ERC. Non-interactively, it takes the following keyword arguments.

• server
• port
• nick
• password
• full-name

That is, if called with the following arguments, server and full-name will be set to those values, whereas erc-compute-port, erc-compute-nick and erc-compute-full-name will be invoked for the values of the other parameters.

(erc-select :server "irc.freenode.net" :full-name "Harry S Truman")

Server

Function: erc-compute-server &optional server

Return an IRC server name.

This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.

• server (the argument passed to this function)
• The erc-server option
• The value of the IRCSERVER environment variable
• The erc-default-server variable

User Option: erc-server nil

IRC server to use if one is not provided.

Port

Function: erc-compute-port &optional port

Return a port for an IRC server.

This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.

• port (the argument passed to this function)
• The erc-port option
• The erc-default-port variable

User Option: erc-port

IRC port to use if not specified.

This can be either a string or a number.

Nick

Function: erc-compute-nick &optional nick

Return user's IRC nick.

This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.

• nick (the argument passed to this function)
• The erc-nick option
• The value of the IRCNICK environment variable
• The result from the user-login-name function

User Option: erc-nick

Nickname to use if one is not provided.

This can be either a string, or a list of strings. In the latter case, if the first nick in the list is already in use, other nicks are tried in the list order.

User Option: erc-nick-uniquifier

The string to append to the nick if it is already in use.

User Option: erc-try-new-nick-p

If the nickname you chose isn't available, and this option is non-nil, ERC should automatically attempt to connect with another nickname.

You can manually set another nickname with the /NICK command.

Full name

Function: erc-compute-full-name &optional full-name

Return user's full name.

This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.

• full-name (the argument passed to this function)
• The erc-user-full-name option
• The value of the IRCNAME environment variable
• The result from the user-full-name function

User Option: erc-user-full-name

User full name.

This can be either a string or a function to call.

7.2 Options

This section has not yet been written.

7.3 Tips and Tricks

This section has not yet been written.

7.4 Sample Configuration

This section has not yet been written.

8. Getting Help and Reporting Bugs

After you have read this guide, if you still have questions about ERC, or if you have bugs to report, there are several places you can go.

• http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/EmacsIRCClient is the emacswiki.org page for ERC. Anyone may add tips, hints, or bug descriptions to it.
• There are several mailing lists for ERC. To subscribe, visit http://savannah.gnu.org/mail/?group=erc.

  The mailing lists are also available on Gmane. (http://gmane.org/). Gmane provides additional methods for accessing the mailing lists, adding content to them, and searching them.

  1. gmane.emacs.erc.announce Announcements
  2. gmane.emacs.erc.discuss General discussion
  3. gmane.emacs.erc.cvs Log messages for changes to the ERC source code
• You can visit the IRC Freenode channel `#emacs'. Many of the contributors are frequently around and willing to answer your questions.

9. History

ERC was originally written by Alexander L. Belikoff abel@bfr.co.il and Sergey Berezin sergey.berezin@cs.cmu.edu. They stopped development around December 1999. Their last released version was ERC 2.0.

P.S.: If one of the original developers of ERC reads this, we'd like to receive additional information for this file and hear comments in general.

• 2001

  In June 2001, Mario Lang mlang@delysid.org and Alex Schroeder alex@gnu.org took over development and created a ERC Project at http://sourceforge.net/projects/erc.

  In reaction to a mail about the new ERC development effort, Sergey Berezin said, "First of all, I'm glad that my version of ERC is being used out there. The thing is, I do not have free time and enough incentive anymore to work on ERC, so I would be happy if you guys take over the project entirely."

  So we happily hacked away on ERC, and soon after (September 2001) released the next "stable" version, 2.1.

  Most of the development of the new ERC happened on #emacs on irc.openprojects.net. Over time, many people contributed code, ideas, bugfixes, and a lot of alpha/beta/gamma testing.

  See the `CREDITS' file for a list of contributors.

• 2003

  ERC 3.0 was released.

• 2004

  ERC 4.0 was released.

• 2005

  ERC 5.0 was released. Michael Olson mwolson@gnu.org became the release manager and eventually the maintainer.

  After some discussion between him and the Emacs developers, it was decided to include ERC in Emacs.

• 2006

  ERC 5.1 was released. It was subsequently included in Emacs 22.

  ERC became an official GNU project, and development moved to http://sv.gnu.org/projects/erc. We switched to using GNU Arch as our revision control system. Our mailing list address changed as well.

A. COPYING

Version 2, June 1991

Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

A.1 Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

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2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

   You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

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   1. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
   2. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
   3. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

   These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

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   In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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A.2 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) yyyy  name of author

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

B. GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.2, November 2002

Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

1. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   
   
2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque."

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

   The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
   

3. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
   

4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
   

5. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
   B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
   C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
   D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
   E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
   F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
   G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
   H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
   I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
   J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
   K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
   L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
   M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements." Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
   N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
   O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
   
   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
   

6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications." You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
   

7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
   

8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
   

9. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
   

10. TERMINATION

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
    

11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C)  year  your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the
Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being
list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

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