Índice
Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.
Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.
Os seguinte pacotes para a conversão de dados de texto saltaram-me à vista.
Tabela 11.1. Lista de ferramentas de conversão de dados em texto
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
libc6
*
|
V:97, I:99 | 10012 | conjunto e caracteres (charset) |
converter codificação de texto entre locales por iconv (1)
(fundamental)
|
recode *
|
V:1.5, I:7 | 772 | charset+eol | text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features) |
konwert *
|
V:0.4, I:4 | 192 | conjunto e caracteres (charset) | conversor de codificação de texto entre locales (imaginativo) |
nkf
*
|
V:0.2, I:2 | 300 | conjunto e caracteres (charset) | tradutor de conjunto de caracteres para Japonês |
tcs
*
|
V:0.02, I:0.14 | 544 | conjunto e caracteres (charset) | tradutor de conjunto de caracteres |
unaccent *
|
V:0.01, I:0.09 | 76 | conjunto e caracteres (charset) | substitui letras acentuadas pelo seu equivalente não acentuado |
tofrodos *
|
V:1.1, I:7 | 48 | eol |
conversor de formato de texto entre DOS e Unix: de dos (1)
e para dos (1)
|
macutils *
|
V:0.05, I:0.5 | 320 | eol |
conversor de formato de texto entre Macintosh e Unix: de
mac (1) e para mac (1)
|
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
|
Você pode converter a codificação de um ficheiro de texto com o
iconv
(1) com o seguinte.
$ iconv -f codificação1 -t codificação2 entrada.txt >saída.txt
Os valores de codificação são sensíveis a maiúsculas/minúsculas e ignoram
"-
" e "_
" para correspondência. As
codificações suportadas podem ser verificadas pelo comando "iconv
-l
"
Tabela 11.2. Lista de valores de codificação e a sua utilização
valor de codificação | utilização |
---|---|
ASCII. | American Standard Code for Information Interchange, 7 bit code w/o accented characters |
UTF-8 | standard multilingue actual para todos os sistemas operativos modernos |
ISO-8859-1 | antigo standard para linguagens da Europa ocidental, ASCII + caracteres acentuados |
ISO-8859-2 | antigo standard para linguagens da Europa oriental, ASCII + caracteres acentuados |
ISO-8859-15 | antigo standard para linguagens da Europa ocidental, o ISO-8859-1 com o símbolo do euro |
CP850 | code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, ISO-8859-1 variant |
CP932 | code page 932, Microsoft Windows style Shift-JIS variant for Japanese |
CP936 | code page 936, Microsoft Windows style GB2312, GBK or GB18030 variant for Simplified Chinese |
CP949 | code page 949, Microsoft Windows style EUC-KR or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean |
CP950 | code page 950, Microsoft Windows style Big5 variant for Traditional Chinese |
CP1251 | code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet |
CP1252 | code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style ISO-8859-15 variant for western European languages |
KOI8-R | old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet |
ISO-2022-JP | standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes |
eucJP | old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from Shift-JIS |
Shift-JIS | JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see CP932) |
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (Secção 8.3.1, “Bases de codificação”). |
For character sets which fit in single byte such as ASCII and ISO-8859 character sets, the character encoding means almost the same thing as the character set.
For character sets with many characters such as JIS X 0213 for Japanese or Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1) for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.
For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.
The code page is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7
bit characters. But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old
Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS
encoding format to UTF-8 format, use " |
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
|
You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with
iconv
(1) by the following.
$ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt >/dev/null || echo "non-UTF-8 found"
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
Use " |
Aqui está um script exemplo para converter a codificação dos nomes de ficheiros daqueles criados sob sistemas operativos antigos para os modernos de UTF-8 num único directório.
#!/bin/sh ENCDN=iso-8859-1 for x in *; do mv "$x" $(echo "$x" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8) done
The "$ENCDN
" variable should be set by the encoding value
in Tabela 11.2, “Lista de valores de codificação e a sua utilização”.
For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a
disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the
mount
(8) option (see Secção 8.3.6, “Codificação de nomes de ficheiros”) and copy its entire contents to another
filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "cp -a
" command.
The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.
Tabela 11.3. Lista de estilos EOL para diferentes plataformas
plataforma | código EOL | controle | decimal | hexadecimal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debian (unix) | LF |
^J
|
10 | 0A |
MSDOS e Windows | CR-LF |
^M^J
|
13 10 | 0D 0A |
Macintosh da Apple | CR |
^M
|
13 | 0D |
The EOL format conversion programs, fromdos
(1),
todos
(1), frommac
(1), and
tomac
(1), are quite handy. recode
(1)
is also useful.
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the
|
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
Most editors (eg. |
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
The use of " |
Existem alguns programas populares especializados para converter os códigos de tab.
Tabela 11.4. List of TAB conversion commands from bsdmainutils
and
coreutils
packages
função |
bsdmainutils
|
coreutils
|
---|---|---|
expande tab para espaços |
"col -x "
|
expand
|
contrai tab a partir de espaços |
"col -h "
|
unexpand
|
indent
(1) from the indent
package
completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.
Editor programs such as vim
and emacs
can be used for TAB conversion, too. For example with
vim
, you can expand TAB with ":set
expandtab
" and ":%retab
" command sequence. You
can revert this with ":set noexpandtab
" and
":%retab!
" command sequence.
Intelligent modern editors such as the vim
program are
quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.
You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable
console for the best compatibility.
An old western European Unix text file, "u-file.txt
",
stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with
vim
by the following.
$ vim u-file.txt
This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in
vim
assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails,
assumes it to be latin1.
An old Polish Unix text file, "pu-file.txt
", stored in
the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with vim
by the following.
$ vim '+e ++enc=latin2 pu-file.txt'
An old Japanese unix text file, "ju-file.txt
", stored in
the eucJP encoding can be edited with vim
by the
following.
$ vim '+e ++enc=eucJP ju-file.txt'
An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "jw-file.txt
",
stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be
edited with vim
by the following.
$ vim '+e ++enc=CP932 ++ff=dos jw-file.txt'
When a file is opened with "++enc
" and
"++ff
" options, ":w
" in the Vim
command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original
file. You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim
command line, e.g., ":w ++enc=utf8 new.txt
".
Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in
vim
on-line help and Tabela 11.2, “Lista de valores de codificação e a sua utilização” for locale values used with
"++enc
".
The emacs
family of programs can perform the equivalent
functions.
The following reads a web page into a text file. This is very useful when
copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as
grep
(1) on the web page.
$ w3m -dump http://www.remote-site.com/help-info.html >textfile
Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.
Tabela 11.5. Lista de ferramentas para extracção de dados de texto simples
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | função |
---|---|---|---|---|
w3m
*
|
V:24, I:84 | 1992 | html→texto |
Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "w3m -dump "
|
html2text *
|
V:15, I:37 | 248 | html→texto | advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1) |
lynx
*
|
I:22 | 252 | html→texto |
HTML to text converter with the "lynx -dump " command
|
elinks *
|
V:2, I:5 | 1448 | html→texto |
HTML to text converter with the "elinks -dump " command
|
links
*
|
V:3, I:9 | 1380 | html→texto |
HTML to text converter with the "links -dump " command
|
links2 *
|
V:0.7, I:3 | 3288 | html→texto |
HTML to text converter with the "links2 -dump " command
|
antiword *
|
V:1.3, I:2 | 796 | MSWord→texto,ps | converte ficheiros do MSWord para texto simples ou ps |
catdoc *
|
V:1.0, I:2 | 2580 | MSWord→texto,TeX | converte ficheiros do MSWord para texto simples ou TeX |
pstotext *
|
V:0.8, I:1.4 | 148 | ps/pdf→texto | extrai texto de ficheiros PostScript e PDF |
unhtml *
|
V:0.02, I:0.14 | 76 | html→texto | remove as etiquetas de marcas de um ficheiro HTML |
odt2txt *
|
V:0.8, I:1.4 | 100 | odt→texto | conversor de texto do OpenDocument para texto |
wpd2sxw *
|
V:0.02, I:0.13 | 156 | WordPerfect→sxw | WordPerfect to OpenOffice.org/StarOffice writer document converter |
You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.
Tabela 11.6. List of tools to highlight plain text data
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
vim-runtime *
|
V:3, I:38 | 25864 | destaque |
Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with ":source
$VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim "
|
cxref
*
|
V:0.05, I:0.4 | 1252 | c→html | converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language) |
src2tex *
|
V:0.03, I:0.2 | 1968 | destaque | convert many source codes to TeX (C language) |
source-highlight *
|
V:0.14, I:1.1 | 2164 | destaque | convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++) |
highlight *
|
V:0.2, I:1.3 | 756 | destaque | convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++) |
grc
*
|
V:0.05, I:0.12 | 164 | text→color | generic colouriser for everything (Python) |
txt2html *
|
V:0.08, I:0.5 | 296 | texto→html | text to HTML converter (Perl) |
markdown *
|
V:0.07, I:0.4 | 96 | texto→html | markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl) |
asciidoc *
|
V:0.15, I:1.1 | 3028 | texto→qualquer | AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Python) |
python-docutils *
|
V:0.4, I:3 | 5740 | texto→qualquer | ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python) |
txt2tags *
|
V:0.06, I:0.3 | 1028 | texto→qualquer | document conversion from text to HTML, SGML, LaTeX, man page, MoinMoin, Magic Point and PageMaker (Python) |
udo
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.07 | 556 | texto→qualquer | universal document - text processing utility (C language) |
stx2any *
|
V:0.00, I:0.04 | 484 | texto→qualquer | document converter from structured plain text to other formats (m4) |
rest2web *
|
V:0.01, I:0.08 | 576 | texto→html | document converter from ReStructured Text to html (Python) |
aft
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.06 | 340 | texto→qualquer | "free form" document preparation system (Perl) |
yodl
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.06 | 564 | texto→qualquer | pre-document language and tools to process it (C language) |
sdf
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.08 | 1940 | texto→qualquer | simple document parser (Perl) |
sisu
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.07 | 14384 | texto→qualquer | document structuring, publishing and search framework (Ruby) |
The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
See introductory information at XML.COM.
XML text looks somewhat like HTML. It enables
us to manage multiple formats of output for a document. One easy XML system
is the docbook-xsl
package, which is used here.
Cada ficheiro XML começa com a declaração XML standard como o seguinte.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.
<name attribute="value">content</name>
XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.
<name attribute="value"/>
The "attribute="value"
" in the above examples are
optional.
The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.
<!-- comment -->
Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.
Tabela 11.7. Lista de entidades predefinidas para XML
entidade predefinida | character to be converted from |
---|---|
"
|
" : quote
|
'
|
' : apostrophe
|
<
|
< : less-than
|
>
|
> : greater-than
|
&
|
& : ampersand
|
![]() |
Cuidado |
---|---|
" |
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
When SGML style user defined entities,
e.g. " |
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT). |
There are many tools available to process XML files such as the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL).
Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT).
The Extensible Stylesheet
Language for Formatting Object (XSL-FO) is supposed to be solution
for formatting. The fop
package is in the Debian
contrib
(not main
) archive still. So
the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system
is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.
Tabela 11.8. Lista de ferramentas XML
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
docbook-xml *
|
I:47 | 2488 | xml | XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook |
xsltproc *
|
V:4, I:46 | 152 | xslt | XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.) |
docbook-xsl *
|
V:0.5, I:7 | 12792 | xml/xslt | XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT |
xmlto
*
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 268 | xml/xslt | XML-to-any converter with XSLT |
dblatex *
|
V:0.2, I:2 | 7340 | xml/xslt | convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT |
fop
*
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 2280 | xml/xsl-fo | converter ficheiros Docbook XML para PDF |
Since XML is subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL).
Tabela 11.9. Lista de ferramentas DSSL
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
openjade *
|
V:0.4, I:3 | 1212 | dsssl | ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest) |
openjade1.3 *
|
V:0.02, I:0.14 | 2336 | dsssl | ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (1.3.x series) |
jade
*
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 1056 | dsssl | James Clark's original DSSSL processor (1.2.x series) |
docbook-dsssl *
|
V:0.5, I:4 | 3100 | xml/dsssl | DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL |
docbook-utils *
|
V:0.2, I:2 | 440 | xml/dsssl |
utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML,
RTF, PS, man, PDF) with docbook2* commands with DSSSL
|
sgml2x *
|
V:0.00, I:0.06 | 216 | SGML/dsssl | converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets |
You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.
Tabela 11.10. List of XML data extraction tools
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
wv
*
|
V:1.3, I:2 | 2116 | MSWord→any | document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc. |
texi2html *
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 2076 | texi→html | conversor de Texinfo para HTML |
man2html *
|
V:0.2, I:1.2 | 372 | manpage→html | conversor de manual (manpage) para HTML (suporte a CGI) |
tex4ht *
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 924 | tex↔html | conversor entre (La)TeX e HTML |
xlhtml *
|
V:0.5, I:1.1 | 184 | MSExcel→html | conversor de .xls do MSExcel para HTML |
ppthtml *
|
V:0.5, I:1.1 | 120 | MSPowerPoint→html | conversor de MSPowerPoint para HTML |
unrtf
*
|
V:0.4, I:0.9 | 224 | rtf→html | document converter from RTF to HTML, etc |
info2www *
|
V:0.6, I:1.2 | 156 | info→html | converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support) |
ooo2dbk *
|
V:0.03, I:0.16 | 941 | sxw→xml | converter from OpenOffice.org SXW documents to DocBook XML |
wp2x
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.07 | 240 | WordPerfect→qualquer | WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML |
doclifter *
|
V:0.00, I:0.03 | 424 | troff→xml | conversor de troff para DocBook XML |
For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML. XHTML can be processed by XML tools.
Tabela 11.11. Lista de ferramentas de impressão bonita de XML
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
libxml2-utils *
|
V:3, I:49 | 160 | xml↔html↔xhtml |
command line XML tool with xmllint (1) (syntax check,
reformat, lint, …)
|
tidy
*
|
V:1.0, I:9 | 108 | xml↔html↔xhtml | Verificador e reformatador de sintaxe HTML |
Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.
Printable data is expressed in the PostScript format on the Debian system. Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.
The core of printable data manipulation is the Ghostscript PostScript (PS) interpreter which generates raster image.
The latest upstream Ghostscript from Artifex was re-licensed from AFPL to GPL and merged all the latest ESP version changes such as CUPS related ones at 8.60 release as unified release.
Tabela 11.12. List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters
pacote | popcon | tamanho | descrição |
---|---|---|---|
ghostscript *
|
V:18, I:56 | 6716 | The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter |
ghostscript-x *
|
V:13, I:28 | 220 | GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support |
gs-cjk-resource *
|
V:0.04, I:0.4 | 4528 | resource files for gs-cjk, Ghostscript CJK-TrueType extension |
cmap-adobe-cns1 *
|
V:0.03, I:0.3 | 1572 | CMaps for Adobe-CNS1 (for traditional Chinese support) |
cmap-adobe-gb1 *
|
V:0.03, I:0.3 | 1552 | CMaps for Adobe-GB1 (for simplified Chinese support) |
cmap-adobe-japan1 *
|
V:0.08, I:0.7 | 2428 | CMaps for Adobe-Japan1 (for Japanese standard support) |
cmap-adobe-japan2 *
|
I:0.4 | 416 | CMaps for Adobe-Japan2 (for Japanese extra support) |
cmap-adobe-korea1 *
|
V:0.01, I:0.19 | 872 | CMaps for Adobe-Korea1 (for Korean support) |
libpoppler5 *
|
V:4, I:21 | 2368 | Biblioteca de renderização de PDF baseada no visualizador de PDF xpdf |
libpoppler-glib4 *
|
V:7, I:19 | 504 | PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library) |
poppler-data *
|
I:3 | 12232 | CMaps for PDF rendering library (for CJK support: Adobe-*) |
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
" |
You can merge two PostScript (PS) or
Portable Document Format
(PDF) files using gs
(1) of Ghostscript.
$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f foo1.ps foo2.ps $ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f foo1.pdf foo2.pdf
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
The PDF, which is widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed PS format with few additional features and extensions. |
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
For command line, |
The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.
Tabela 11.13. List of printable data utilities
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
poppler-utils *
|
V:8, I:49 | 536 | pdf→ps,text,… |
PDF utilities: pdftops , pdfinfo ,
pdfimages , pdftotext ,
pdffonts
|
psutils *
|
V:3, I:21 | 380 | ps→ps | PostScript document conversion tools |
poster *
|
V:1.2, I:9 | 80 | ps→ps | create large posters out of PostScript pages |
xpdf-utils *
|
V:0.9, I:4 | 76 | pdf→ps,text,… |
PDF utilities: pdftops , pdfinfo ,
pdfimages , pdftotext ,
pdffonts
|
enscript *
|
V:1.6, I:14 | 2464 | text→ps, html, rtf | convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print |
a2ps
*
|
V:1.7, I:8 | 4292 | text→ps | 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer |
pdftk
*
|
V:1.0, I:5 | 200 | pdf→pdf |
PDF document conversion tool: pdftk
|
mpage
*
|
V:0.18, I:1.5 | 224 | text,ps→ps | print multiple pages per sheet |
html2ps *
|
V:0.2, I:1.7 | 260 | html→ps | converter from HTML to PostScript |
pdfjam *
|
V:0.2, I:1.8 | 228 | pdf→pdf |
PDF document conversion tools: pdf90 ,
pdfjoin , and pdfnup
|
gnuhtml2latex *
|
V:0.07, I:0.6 | 60 | html→latex | converter from html to latex |
latex2rtf *
|
V:0.14, I:1.0 | 508 | latex→rtf | convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word |
ps2eps *
|
V:1.3, I:12 | 116 | ps→eps | converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) |
e2ps
*
|
V:0.01, I:0.10 | 188 | text→ps | Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support |
impose+ *
|
V:0.03, I:0.2 | 180 | ps→ps | PostScript utilities |
trueprint *
|
V:0.02, I:0.13 | 188 | text→ps | pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language) |
pdf2svg *
|
V:0.10, I:0.5 | 60 | ps→svg | converter from PDF to Scalable vector graphics format |
pdftoipe *
|
V:0.02, I:0.16 | 88 | ps→ipe | converter from PDF to IPE's XML format |
Both lp
(1) and lpr
(1) commands offered
by Common Unix Printing System
(CUPS) provides options for customized printing the printable data.
You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.
$ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True filename
$ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True filename
You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as
"-o number-up=2
", "-o page-set=even
",
"-o page-set=odd
", "-o scaling=200
",
"-o natural-scaling=200
", etc., documented at Command-Line Printing and
Options.
The Unix troff program originally developed by AT&T can be used for simple typesetting. It is usually used to create manpages.
TeX created by Donald Knuth is very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. LaTeX originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.
Tabela 11.14. List of type setting tools
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
texlive *
|
V:0.5, I:9 | 124 | (La)TeX | TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing |
groff
*
|
V:0.9, I:7 | 9116 | troff | GNU troff text-formatting system |
Traditionally, roff is the main Unix text
processing system. See roff
(7),
groff
(7), groff
(1),
grotty
(1), troff
(1),
groff_mdoc
(7), groff_man
(7),
groff_ms
(7), groff_me
(7),
groff_mm
(7), and "info groff
".
You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on
"-me
" macro in
"/usr/share/doc/groff/
" by installing the
groff
package.
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Dica |
---|---|
" |
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Dica |
---|---|
To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by
|
The TeX Live software distribution offers a
complete TeX system. The texlive
metapackage provides a
decent selection of the TeX Live packages
which should suffice for the most common tasks.
There are many references available for TeX and LaTeX.
tex
(1)
latex
(1)
This is the most powerful typesetting environment. Many SGML processors use this as their back end text
processor. Lyx provided by the
lyx
package and GNU
TeXmacs provided by the texmacs
package offer
nice WYSIWYG editing environment for LaTeX while many use Emacs and Vim as the choice
for the source editor.
Existem muitos recursos online disponíveis.
/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html
")
(texlive-doc-base
package)
When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors. You must
increase pool size in "/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf
" (or more
appropriately edit "/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath
" and run
update-texmf
(8)) to fix this.
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Nota |
---|---|
The TeX source of "The TeXbook" is available at http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex. |
This file contains most of the required macros. I heard that you can
process this document with tex
(1) after commenting lines
7 to 10 and adding "\input manmac \proofmodefalse
". It's
strongly recommended to buy this book (and all other books from Donald
E. Knuth) instead of using the online version but the source is a great
example of TeX input!
You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.
$ man -Tps some_manpage | lpr
$ man -Tps some_manpage | mpage -2 | lpr
The second example prints 2 pages on one sheet.
Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain troff format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.
Tabela 11.15. Lista de pacotes para ajudar a criar o manual (manpage)
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
docbook-to-man *
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 240 | SGML→manpage | converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros |
help2man *
|
V:0.13, I:1.1 | 376 | texto→manpage | automatic manpage generator from --help |
info2man *
|
V:0.02, I:0.15 | 204 | info→manpage | converter from GNU info to POD or man pages |
txt2man *
|
V:0.02, I:0.2 | 88 | texto→manpage | convert flat ASCII text to man page format |
The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.
Tabela 11.16. List of packages to help mail data conversion
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
sharutils *
|
V:2, I:32 | 904 |
shar (1), unshar (1),
uuencode (1), uudecode (1)
|
|
mpack
*
|
V:1.5, I:23 | 84 | MIME |
encoder and decoder MIME messages:
mpack (1) and munpack (1)
|
tnef
*
|
V:0.8, I:1.5 | 164 | ms-tnef | unpacking MIME attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format |
uudeview *
|
V:0.17, I:1.6 | 132 | encoder and decoder for the following formats: uuencode, xxencode, BASE64, quoted printable, and BinHex | |
readpst *
|
V:0.04, I:0.3 | 228 | PST | convert Microsoft Outlook PST files to mbox format |
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Dica |
---|---|
The Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4) server (see Secção 6.7, “Servidor POP3/IMAP4”) may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too. |
Mail (SMTP) data should be limited to 7 bit. So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) and the selection of the charset (see Secção 8.3.1, “Bases de codificação”).
The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to RFC2822 (updated RFC822). See
mbox
(5) (provided by the mutt
package).
For European languages, "Content-Transfer-Encoding:
quoted-printable
" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for
mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded
in UTF-8, "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
"
is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.
For Japanese, traditionally "Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=ISO-2022-JP
" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7
bits. But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without
proper declaration. If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, Base64 is likely to be used since it contains many 8
bit data. The situation of other Asian languages is similar.
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Nota |
---|---|
If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server (see Secção 6.7, “Servidor POP3/IMAP4”). |
![]() |
Nota |
---|---|
If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the
good first step. The versatile client program such as
|
You can split mailbox contents to each message using
procmail
(1) and formail
(1).
Each mail message can be unpacked using munpack
(1) from
the mpack
package (or other specialized tools) to obtain
the MIME encoded contents.
The following packages for the graphic data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
Tabela 11.17. Lista de ferramentas de dados gráficos
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
gimp
*
|
V:12, I:44 | 13560 | imagem(bitmap) | GNU Image Manipulation Program |
imagemagick *
|
V:13, I:35 | 268 | imagem(bitmap) | image manipulation programs |
graphicsmagick *
|
V:1.6, I:3 | 4532 | imagem(bitmap) |
image manipulation programs (folk of imagemagick )
|
xsane
*
|
V:5, I:36 | 748 | imagem(bitmap) | GTK+-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) |
netpbm *
|
V:4, I:29 | 4612 | imagem(bitmap) | ferramentas de conversão de gráficos |
icoutils *
|
V:0.3, I:1.3 | 200 | png↔ico(bitmap) | convert MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats (favicon.ico) |
scribus *
|
V:0.5, I:3 | 26888 | ps/pdf/SVG/… | Scribus DTP editor |
openoffice.org-draw *
|
V:18, I:40 | 10720 | imagem(vector) | OpenOffice.org office suite - drawing |
inkscape *
|
V:15, I:32 | 87436 | imagem(vector) | SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) editor |
dia-gnome *
|
V:1.4, I:2 | 576 | imagem(vector) | editor de diagramas (GNOME) |
dia
*
|
V:3, I:5 | 572 | imagem(vector) | editor de diagramas (Gtk) |
xfig
*
|
V:2, I:4 | 1676 | imagem(vector) | facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11 |
pstoedit *
|
V:1.9, I:16 | 708 | ps/pdf→imagem(vector) | PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG) |
libwmf-bin *
|
V:1.4, I:13 | 68 | Windows/imagem(vector) | Windows metafile (vector graphic data) conversion tools |
fig2sxd *
|
V:0.03, I:0.2 | 200 | fig→sxd(vector) | convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format |
unpaper *
|
V:0.2, I:1.7 | 736 | imagem→imagem | post-processing tool for scanned pages for OCR |
tesseract-ocr *
|
V:0.7, I:3 | 3196 | imagem→texto | free OCR software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine |
tesseract-ocr-eng *
|
V:0.2, I:2 | 1752 | imagem→texto | OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text |
gocr
*
|
V:0.8, I:5 | 492 | imagem→texto | software de OCR livre |
ocrad
*
|
V:0.4, I:4 | 364 | imagem→texto | software de OCR livre |
gtkam
*
|
V:0.3, I:1.7 | 1100 | imagem(Exif) | manipular ficheiros de fotos de cameras digitais (GNOME) - GUI |
gphoto2 *
|
V:0.3, I:2 | 1008 | imagem(Exif) | manipular ficheiros de fotos de cameras digitais (GNOME) - linha de comandos |
kamera *
|
V:0.7, I:13 | 312 | imagem(Exif) | manipular ficheiros de fotos de cameras digitais (KDE) |
jhead
*
|
V:0.5, I:3 | 132 | imagem(Exif) | manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) files |
exif
*
|
V:0.2, I:1.7 | 184 | imagem(Exif) | command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files |
exiftags *
|
V:0.14, I:0.9 | 248 | imagem(Exif) | utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file |
exiftran *
|
V:0.4, I:3 | 56 | imagem(Exif) | transformar imagens jpeg de cameras digitais |
exifprobe *
|
V:0.08, I:0.5 | 484 | imagem(Exif) | ler metadados de imagens digitais |
dcraw
*
|
V:0.9, I:5 | 444 | imagem(Raw)→ppm | decode raw digital camera images |
findimagedupes *
|
V:0.06, I:0.4 | 140 | image→fingerprint | find visually similar or duplicate images |
ale
*
|
V:0.02, I:0.17 | 768 | imagem→imagem | merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics |
imageindex *
|
V:0.03, I:0.2 | 192 | imagem(Exif)→html | generate static HTML galleries from images |
f-spot *
|
V:0.5, I:1.8 | 9488 | imagem(Exif) | aplicação de gestão de fotos pessoais (GNOME) |
bins
*
|
V:0.02, I:0.15 | 2008 | imagem(Exif)→html | generate static HTML photo albums using XML and EXIF tags |
gallery2 *
|
V:0.2, I:0.4 | 62548 | imagem(Exif)→html | generate browsable HTML photo albums with thumbnails |
outguess *
|
V:0.02, I:0.14 | 252 | jpeg,png | universal Steganographic tool |
qcad
*
|
V:1.5, I:2 | 3944 | DXF | CAD data editor (KDE) |
blender *
|
V:0.5, I:3 | 28336 | blend, TIFF, VRML, … | 3D content editor for animation etc |
mm3d
*
|
V:0.04, I:0.3 | 4536 | ms3d, obj, dxf, … | editor de modelos 3D baseado em OpenGL |
open-font-design-toolkit *
|
I:0.03 | 36 | ttf, ps, … | metapackage for open font design |
fontforge *
|
V:0.2, I:1.7 | 6612 | ttf, ps, … | font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts |
xgridfit *
|
V:0.01, I:0.07 | 1060 | ttf | program for gridfitting and hinting TrueType fonts |
gbdfed *
|
V:0.01, I:0.11 | 496 | bdf | editor for BDF fonts |
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
Search more image tools using regex " |
Although GUI programs such as gimp
(1) are very powerful,
command line tools such as imagemagick
(1) are quite
useful for automating image manipulation with the script.
The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF) which is the JPEG image file format with additional metadata tags. It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.
The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression patent has been expired. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.
![]() |
Dica |
---|---|
Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through USB storage readers since it follows the Design rule for Camera Filesystem and uses FAT filesystem. See Secção 10.1.10, “Dispositivo de armazenamento amovível”. |
There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught
my eyes using regex "~Guse::converting
" in
aptitude
(8) (see Secção 2.2.6, “Opções do método de pesquisa com o aptitude”).
Tabela 11.18. Lista de ferramentas de conversão de dados variados
pacote | popcon | tamanho | palavra chave | descrição |
---|---|---|---|---|
alien
*
|
V:1.2, I:11 | 244 | rpm/tgz→deb | converter for the foreign package into the Debian package |
freepwing *
|
V:0.00, I:0.03 | 568 | EB→EPWING | converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single JIS X 4081 format (a subset of the EPWING V1) |
You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.
$ rpm2cpio file.src.rpm | cpio --extract