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APT HOWTO
Capítulo 6 - Obteniendo información de los paquetes.


Existen algunas interfaces para el APT que lo hacen más fácil de utilizar.

Pero nuestro objetivo aquí es aprender a manejar APT puro. Así que, ¿cómo podría saber el nombre de un paquete que quiere instalar?

That's what this chapter intends to answer. Let's check out our options.


6.1 Descubriendo nombres de paquetes

Por ejemplo, supongamos que usted quiere revivir la gloria de la época dorada del Atari 2600. Quiere utilizar APT para instalar un emulador de Atari, y después bajar algunos juegos, puede hacer lo siguiente:

     $ aptitude search atari
     p   atari-fdisk-cross               - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
     p   atari800                        - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
     p   console-keymaps-atari           - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.

We find several packages related to what we're looking for, together with brief descriptions. The p letter at the begining of the line is similar to the notation used inside the curses UI aptitude uses. It means, thus, that the package is not installed. Important to notice that aptitude only searches package names by default. You can use all the search options provided by aptitude, which you can discover by reading the aptitude's User Manual. To search the descriptions, for example, you could use:

     $ aptitude search ~datari 
     p   aranym                          - Atari Running on Any Machine
     p   atari-fdisk-cross               - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
     p   atari800                        - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
     p   circuslinux                     - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to
     p   circuslinux-data                - Data files for circuslinux
     p   console-keymaps-atari           - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.
     [...]
     p   stella                          - Atari 2600 Emulator for SDL & X windows
     [...]

Now, that returned many more packages, as we can see. Now that we found a list of possible solutions to our problem, let's go deeper into them:

     $ aptitude show stella
     Package: atari-fdisk-cross
     Version: 0.7.1-5
     Priority: extra
     Section: otherosfs
     Maintainer: Roman Hodek <roman@hodek.net$gt;
     Uncompressed Size: 106k
     Description: Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari)
      Atari-fdisk allows you to create and edit the partition table of a disk
      partitioned in Atari format. It supports both the AHDI 5.0 and ICD variations
      of the Atari format. It is an interactive tool with a menu similar to PC
      fdisk, and also supports most options of PC fdisk.

En este desplegado tiene muchos detalles sobre paquete seleccionado así como su descripcion. Si el paquete estuviera instalado y hubiera una versión más reciente, vería la información de las dos versiones, por ejemplo:

     $ apt-cache show muine
     Package: muine
     Version: 0.5.0-1
     Priority: optional
     Section: gnome
     Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
     Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.7), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.17), gconf-sharp (>= 0.17), gnome-sharp (>= 0.17)
     Architecture: i386
     Filename: ./pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.5.0-1_i386.deb
     Size: 164314
     Installed-Size: 692
     MD5sum: 9885f13e5ef4f76b3bf6fe7bb3ea8634
     Description: Simple music player
      Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
      allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
      Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
      management application.
      
     Package: muine
     Priority: optional
     Section: gnome
     Installed-Size: 492
     Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
     Architecture: i386
     Version: 0.4.0-8
     Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.6), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.16), gconf-sharp (>= 0.16), gnome-sharp (>= 0.16)
     Filename: pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.4.0-8_i386.deb
     Size: 139864
     MD5sum: e746709ad6a6fcc1e9c46b46b3d6e5b2
     Description: Simple music player
      Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
      allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
      Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
      management application.

Obteniendo información de los paquetes.

     # apt-cache showpkg penguin-command
     Package: penguin-command
     Versions: 
     1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status)
     
     Reverse Depends: 
     Dependencies: 
     1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3) 
     Provides: 
     1.4.5-1 - 
     Reverse Provides:

Y sólo para saber de que paquetes depende:

     [root]@[/] # apt-cache depends penguin-command
     penguin-command
       Depends: libc6
       Depends: libpng2
       Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1
       Depends: libsdl1.1
       Depends: zlib1g

En resumen, tenemos una gran variedad de armas que podemos utilizar para averiguar el nombre del paquete que queramos.


6.2 Utilizando dpkg para conocer los nombres de paquetes

Uno de los caminos para conocer el nombre de un paquete es saber el nombre de un archivo importante que sea contenido por ese paquete. Por ejemplo, para conocer el paquete que ofrece ciertos archivos ".h" puede ejecutar:

     # dpkg -S stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h
     perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h

o:

     # dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h
     libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h

Notice that this method only works to find package names of packages that are installed in your system. You'll have to use auto-apt (see Cómo instalar programas "en demanda", Sección 7.1) or apt-file (see Cómo descubrir a que paquete peretenece un archivo., Sección 6.3) to search for files on packages which are not installed. You can also take a look at the http://packages.debian.org/ website. To list the names of packages installed on your system, which is useful, for example, if you plan to clean up your hard drive, you can run:

     # dpkg -l | grep mozilla
     ii  mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7        Mozilla Web Browser

El problema con este comando radica en que puede "truncar" el nombre del programa. En el ejemplo anterior, el nombre completo del paquete es mozilla-browser. Para arreglar esto, puede utilizar las variables de ambiente COLUMNS de este modo:

     [kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla
     ii  mozilla-browser             0.9.6-7                     Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser

6.3 Cómo descubrir a que paquete peretenece un archivo.

Si usted quiere instalar un paquete, y no puede saber como se llama al buscarlo con apt-cache, pero sabe el nombre de un archivo que pertenece al paquete, entonces puede utilizar apt-file para encontrar el nombre del paquete que busca. Esto se hace de la siguiente manera:

     $ apt-file search filename

Trabaja de manera similar a dpkg -S, pero tambien le muestra paquetes sin instalar que contengan ese archivo. Puede también ser utilizado para saber que paquetes contiene archivos de inclusión para la compilación de ciertos programas, aunque auto-apt es una mejor solución para estos casos, consulte Cómo instalar programas "en demanda", Sección 7.1.

También puede enlistar el contenido de un paquete ejecutando:

     $ apt-file list packagename

apt-file mantiene una base de datos sobre que archivos tiene cada paquete, tal como auto-apt lo hace y necesita estar al día. Esto se hace asi:

     # apt-file update

Por omisión, apt-file utiliza la misma base de datos que auto-apt utiliza, consulte Cómo instalar programas "en demanda", Sección 7.1.


6.4 Obteniendo información de los paquetes.

There are lots of web resources with informations about the packages available in the Debian distribution, most of them directed mainly towards Debian Developers, but many of them may be useful for users, too.

The Debian Packages Pages lets you search for packages that are available on the various architectures Debian supports and, also, search for the contents of all the Debian packages. There are information regarding dependencies and other relationships with packages. There are also links to download the source package and the binary package for all architectures. You can use a shortcut like http://packages.debian.org/packagename to have quick access links to a package.

The Package Tracking System provides information about what happened to the package recently, what are the TODO itens, from a Debian maintainers point of view, provides a summary of bugs reported and some more very useful information. One of the nice things about the Package Tracking System is that it lets you "subscribe" to a package to follow all the emails that the maintainer usually receives about the package. This way you can follow the development of packages that are crucial for your work or play. The http://packages.qa.debian.org/packagename shortcut works here, as well.

Finally, the Bug Tracking System provides information about known bugs in the packages distributed by Debian. This may be useful for you to find out why something does not work the way you expected and even find solutions or work-arounds through the bug logs. Also, read these pages and its documentation to be able to fill good bug reports for Debian. The http://bugs.debian.org/packagename shortcut also works here, as expected, but the BTS (Bug Tracking System) also accepts other very useful shortcuts like, for example, http://bugs.debian.org/src:packagename to show all bug reports on all binary packages provided by a given source package.


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APT HOWTO

2.0.2 - October 2006

Gustavo Noronha Silva kov@debian.org
Hugo Mora h.mora@melix.com.mx