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Es gibt einige Oberflächen für das APT-System, die es signifikant einfacher machen, Listen über verfügbare Pakete oder schon installierte Pakete zu bekommen oder auch herauszufinden, zu welcher Sektion ein Paket gehört, welche Priorität es hat, wie seine Beschreibung lautet, etc.
Unser Ziel aber hier ist, APT selbst benutzen zu lernen. Wie können wir also den Namen eines Paketes herausfinden, welches wir installieren wollen?
That's what this chapter intends to answer. Let's check out our options.
Angenommen, Sie wollen die alten Zeiten des Atari 2600 wieder aufleben lassen. Sie möchten APT benutzen, um einen Atari-Emulator zu installieren und dann Spiele herunterladen. Sie haben folgende Möglichkeit:
$ aptitude search atari p atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on no p atari800 - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL p console-keymaps-atari - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.
We find several packages related to what we're looking for, together with brief descriptions. The p letter at the begining of the line is similar to the notation used inside the curses UI aptitude uses. It means, thus, that the package is not installed. Important to notice that aptitude only searches package names by default. You can use all the search options provided by aptitude, which you can discover by reading the aptitude's User Manual. To search the descriptions, for example, you could use:
$ aptitude search ~datari p aranym - Atari Running on Any Machine p atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on no p atari800 - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL p circuslinux - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to p circuslinux-data - Data files for circuslinux p console-keymaps-atari - Keymaps for Atari keyboards. [...] p stella - Atari 2600 Emulator for SDL & X windows [...]
Now, that returned many more packages, as we can see. Now that we found a list of possible solutions to our problem, let's go deeper into them:
$ aptitude show stella Package: atari-fdisk-cross Version: 0.7.1-5 Priority: extra Section: otherosfs Maintainer: Roman Hodek <roman@hodek.net$gt; Uncompressed Size: 106k Description: Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari) Atari-fdisk allows you to create and edit the partition table of a disk partitioned in Atari format. It supports both the AHDI 5.0 and ICD variations of the Atari format. It is an interactive tool with a menu similar to PC fdisk, and also supports most options of PC fdisk.
In this output you have many details about the package that you want (or don't
want) to install, together with the full description of the package. You can
also use the apt-cache
program to get informations like those. If
you choose this tool, it will be able to show multiple versions of a package
that are available, for example:
$ apt-cache show muine Package: muine Version: 0.5.0-1 Priority: optional Section: gnome Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net> Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.7), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.17), gconf-sharp (>= 0.17), gnome-sharp (>= 0.17) Architecture: i386 Filename: ./pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.5.0-1_i386.deb Size: 164314 Installed-Size: 692 MD5sum: 9885f13e5ef4f76b3bf6fe7bb3ea8634 Description: Simple music player Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs. Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music management application. Package: muine Priority: optional Section: gnome Installed-Size: 492 Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net> Architecture: i386 Version: 0.4.0-8 Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.6), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.16), gconf-sharp (>= 0.16), gnome-sharp (>= 0.16) Filename: pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.4.0-8_i386.deb Size: 139864 MD5sum: e746709ad6a6fcc1e9c46b46b3d6e5b2 Description: Simple music player Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs. Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music management application.
Informationen über Pakete
# apt-cache showpkg penguin-command Package: penguin-command Versions: 1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status) Reverse Depends: Dependencies: 1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3) Provides: 1.4.5-1 - Reverse Provides:
Und um nur herauszufinden, von welchen Paketen es abhängt:
# apt-cache depends penguin-command penguin-command Depends: libc6 Depends: libpng2 Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1 Depends: libsdl1.1 Depends: zlib1g
Zusammengefaßt haben wir eine handvoll Waffen, die wir benutzen können, um den Namen des Paketes herauszufinden, das wir installieren wollen.
One of the ways to locate the name of a package is to know the name of an important file found within the package. For example, to find the package that provides a particular ".h" file you need for compilation you can run:
# dpkg -S stdio.h libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h
oder:
# dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
Notice that this method only works to find package names of packages that are
installed in your system. You'll have to use auto-apt
(see How to install packages "on
demand", Abschnitt 8.1) or apt-file
(see How to discover to which package a file belongs, Abschnitt
7.3) to search for files on packages which are not installed. You can also
take a look at the http://packages.debian.org/
website. To list the names of packages installed on your system, which is
useful, for example, if you plan to clean up your hard drive, you can run:
$ dpkg -l | grep mozilla ii mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser
Das Problem mit diesem Befehl ist, daß er Paketnamen "brechen" kann. Im obigen Beispiel ist der ganze Name des Pakets mozilla-browser. Um das Problem zu beheben, können Sie die Umgebungsvariable COLUMNS folgendermaßen benutzen:
[kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla ii mozilla-browser 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser
Wenn ein Paket installiert werden soll und Sie nicht herausfinden können, wie
es heißt, indem Sie mit apt-cache
suchen, aber den Dateinamen des
Programms oder einer Datei, die zu dem Paket gehört kennen, können Sie
apt-file
benutzen, um den Dateinamen zu finden. Das wird
folgendermaßen gemacht:
$ apt-file search Dateinamen
Es funktioniert genau wie dpkg -S, es zeigt Ihnen aber auch nicht
installierte Pakete, die die Datei enthalten. Man kann es auch dazu benutzen,
benötigte include-Dateien, die beim Kompilieren von Programmen fehlen, zu
installieren, allerdings ist auto-apt
eine wesentlich bessere
Methode solche Fälle zu lösen, siehe How
to install packages "on demand", Abschnitt 8.1.
You can also list the contents of a package, by running:
$ apt-file list Paketname
apt-file
hat genau wie auto-apt eine Datenbank über die Dateien
aller Pakete und diese muß aktuell gehalten werden:
# apt-file update
Normalerweise benutzt apt-file
die gleiche Datenbank wie
auto-apt
, sehen Sie How to
install packages "on demand", Abschnitt 8.1.
There are lots of web resources with informations about the packages available in the Debian distribution, most of them directed mainly towards Debian Developers, but many of them may be useful for users, too.
The Debian Packages
Pages
lets you search for packages that are available on the various
architectures Debian supports and, also, search for the contents of all the
Debian packages. There are information regarding dependencies and other
relationships with packages. There are also links to download the source
package and the binary package for all architectures. You can use a shortcut
like http://packages.debian.org/packagename to have
quick access links to a package.
The Package Tracking
System
provides information about what happened to the package
recently, what are the TODO itens, from a Debian maintainers point of view,
provides a summary of bugs reported and some more very useful information. One
of the nice things about the Package Tracking System is that it lets you
"subscribe" to a package to follow all the emails that the maintainer
usually receives about the package. This way you can follow the development of
packages that are crucial for your work or play. The
http://packages.qa.debian.org/packagename shortcut
works here, as well.
Finally, the Bug Tracking
System
provides information about known bugs in the packages
distributed by Debian. This may be useful for you to find out why something
does not work the way you expected and even find solutions or work-arounds
through the bug logs. Also, read these pages and its documentation to be able
to fill good bug reports for Debian. The
http://bugs.debian.org/packagename shortcut also works
here, as expected, but the BTS (Bug Tracking System) also accepts other very
useful shortcuts like, for example,
http://bugs.debian.org/src:packagename to show all bug
reports on all binary packages provided by a given source package.
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APT HOWTO
2.0.2 - October 2006kov@debian.org
netzwurm@debian.org