This manual describes version 3.9.2 of GNU Solfege.
Copyright © 2005 Tom Eykens
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Tom Cato Amundsen
Copyright © 2007 Elias Dorneles da Silveira Junior (eliasdorneles@gmail.com)
É garantida a permissão para copiar, distribuir e/ou modificar este documento sobre os termos da Licença Pública Geral GNU como publicada pela Free Software Foundation; versão 2 ou qualquer outra posterior. O texto inteiro da Licença é disponível em Apêndice A, GNU General Public License
Feedback
Para relatar um bug ou fazer uma sugestão sobre a aplicação GNU Solfege ou este manual, favor visitar SITS (Solfege Issue Tracking System) ou enviar um email para <bug-solfege@gnu.org>
.
Histórico de Revisões | |
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Revisão GNU Solfege Manual V 3.9.2 | 2005-10-22 |
Índice
harmonicinterval
modulemelodicinterval
modulesinginterval
modulecompareintervals
moduleidbyname
modulesinganswer
modulerhythm
modulerhythmtapping
modulerhythmtapping2
moduleidtone
modulechord
moduledictation
modulesingchord
modulenameinterval
moduleelembuilder
moduleÍndice
Há duas maneiras de relatar bugs ou pedir um novo recurso relacionado À aplicação GNU Solfege ou o manual do usuário: enviar um email para <bug-solfege@gnu.org>
ou abrir um novo registro de bug em SITS (Solfege Issue Tracking System). Perguntas gerais e patches devem ser enviados para <solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
.
Por favor, faça seu relatório de bug detalhadamente. ''Estou obtendo uma mensagem de erro numa janela quando tento iniciar o programa'' não é útil para mim. Quando relatar bugs:
Diga-me qual versão do Solfege você roda. Cheque se uma versão mais nova está disponível. Se você somente quer rodar versões estáveis, então você não precisa testar as novas versões de desenvolvimento.
Qual sistema operacional você está rodando? Versão?
Descreva exatamente o que você está fazendo quando o erro acontece.
Envie uma cópia exata das mensagens de erro. Elas fazem sentido para o autor do Solfege mesmo se você achar que elas são criptografadas.
A página web de Solfege é http://www.solfege.org. Há também uma página menor com mais informação estática em http://www.gnu.org/software/solfege/.
O código fonte está disponível em http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Se você é aventureiro, você pode tentar as versões instáveis (com bugs, mas podendo conter novas características) em http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Estas versões podem conter mais bugs, mas você tem a chance de testar novas funcionalidades e encontrar e relatar erros.
Código fonte e alguns binários pré-compilados estão disponíveis em http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1465.
Se você usa Debian pode apt-get install solfege
para baixar e instalar o programa.
Baixa atividade, moderada e será usada para anunciar lançamentos estáveis do Solfege. (Inscrição | Arquivo)
Se quiser relatar problemas instalando ou rodando Solfege, ou tem questões, comentários ou idéias para melhorar Solfege, favor escrever para esta lista em vez de usar o fórum de mensagens do Sourceforge ou o autor diretamente. Você pode escrever para solfege-devel sem se inscrever. (Inscrição | Arquivo)
O endereço padrão GNU para enviar relatório de bugs. Esta lista está atualmente redirecionada para <solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
Solfege usa essas informações em alguns exercícios onde o usuário deve cantar.
Estes botões dizem ao Solfege a nota mais baixa e a mais alta que o usuário pode cantar. Estes valores são considerados somente aconselháveis pelo programa. Se por exemplo os valores estão selecionados de ''c'' até ''c'' e você configurou o programa para pedir para você cantar pequenos e grandes décimos, você poderá cantar notas fora desta faixa.
Cliente de email: define o comando que inicia o cliente de email.
The sound convertor programs are used to export exercises to sound
files. You should enter the full path to the program. Solfege will replace
%(in)s
with the name of the file to convert.
%(out)s
will, if used, be replaced with the name of
the file to convert to.
Janela principal redimensionável: permite que o usuário redimensione a janela principal do Solfege.
Modo expert: permite ao usuário selecionar quais questões dos arquivos de lição praticar. Nenhuma estatístia é armazenada no ''modo expert''.
Escolher idioma: Você pode manualmente escolher o idioma se quiser, se Solfege não detectar coretamente, ou se você quer rodar o Solfege com um idioma diferente que o do seu sistema operacional
Não permitir nova pergunta antes que a anterior seja respondida: desabilita o botão 'Novo' até que a pergunta seja respondida corretamente ou o usuário clique em 'Resposta'
Repete a pergunta se a resposta estava errada: Toca o som novamente quando o usuário dá uma resposta incorreta.
Há três maneiras de tocar som:
Use este para depuração ou quando estiver portando Solfege. Nenhum som é tocado, os eventos midi são mostrados na saída padrão.
A melhor escolhe é geralmente /dev/music
porque tem o melhor suporte para instrumento de percussão. /dev/sequencer2
é geralmente um link simbólico para /dev/music
. Se seu sistema não possui /dev/music
, você pode criá-lo com o seguinte comando com root (se você roda o kernel linux versão 2.2 ou posterior):
cd /dev mknod music u 14 8
Isto pode ser útil para portar para sistemas que não usam OSS, ou se você tem um mau sintetizador midi na sua placa de som e quer usar timidity.
Selecione o botão ''Minha placa de som é Sound Blaster AWE32, AWE64 ou pnp32'' se você quer este tipo de placa de som. Isto o dará sua percussão real no exercício de ritmos. Ainda é necessário precisa ser adicionado para outras placas de som. Esta opção é somente necessária se você usar /dev/sequencer
para tocar sons midi.
The training set editor let you create MIDI/WAV/MP3/OGG files of questions so that you can upload them to your pda, cell phone or MP3 player. A solution sheet will be generated for you to print out. Then you can let the MP3 player play the tracks by random order, and you can use the solution sheet to check if you recognised the music correctly.
You use the training set editor to define which exercises to generate. You can save your definition in a file for later use. Each time you click
a new set of files are generated in a directory of your choice. You have to manually upload the generated sound files to you mobile device.The program let you generate questions from as many lesson files as you like, but the most typical usage would be to generate lots of questions from just a single, or just a few files.
The programs used to convert between the different file formats are defined in Gui page of the preferences window. Please check the definitions there if you have problems converting the MIDI files to WAV, MP3 or OGG format.
Table headings explained
The number of questions to generate from the lesson file.
The number of times to repeat each question.
How long delay it will be between the questions. Measured in the length of quarter-notes.
This tool is available on the
menu. Use it to create ear traing tests to print out on paper. Solfege will generate two versions of the document: one for the students to complete, and one with the correct answer already written.
This feature is not completed yet, so this document tries to describe what
we have so far. Expect a more polished version before the next stable
release. Please send comments, suggestions and bug report so the mailing
list: <solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
.
The idbyname,
melodicinterval and
harmonicinterval. From lesson
files written for the idbyname
module, only
chord,
rvoice and
voice music objects are supported.
Índice
Este exercício é um dos exercícios que você pode usar para praticar intervalos. O conceito é bastante simples: Você pressiona o botão ''Novo intervalo'' para tocar um intervalo aleatório, e então você deve dizer que intervalo era.
Se você está usando a interface de botões, então você pode clicar com o direito nos botões para ouvir o intervalo que eles representam.
Na página de configuração do exercício, há uma caixa onde você pode escolher maneiras diferentes de responder a questão. Atualmente há um piano, guitarra, baixo e alguns tipode de acordeão em adição à interface padrão de botões. Abaixo está uma screenshot mostrando a interface piano.
Novo intervalo: Alt-n
Repetir: Alt-r
Repetir melódico: Alt-m
Resposta: Alt-g
Segunda menor: 1 | Quarta justa: 2 | Sexta maior: 3 | Nona menor: 4 |
Segunda maior: q | Tritone: w | Sétima menor: e | Nona maior: r |
Terça menor: a | Quinta justa: s | Sétia maior: d | Décima menor: f |
Terça maior: z | Sexta menor: x | Oitava perfeita: c | Décima maior: v |
Este exercício cria intervalos aleatórios e você deve tenmtar identificá-los
Se você está usando a interface de botões, então você pode clicar com o direito nos botões para ouvir o intervalo que eles representam.
Na página de configuração do exercício, há uma caixa onde você pode escolher maneiras diferentes de responder a questão. Atualmente há um piano, guitarra, baixo e alguns tipode de acordeão em adição à interface padrão de botões. Abaixo está uma screenshot mostrando a interface piano.
Neste exercício, Solfege mostrará um ou mais intervalos, e você deve cantá-los. Infelizmente, ainda não é possível cantar em um microfone e deixar Solfege decidir se você cantou correto, então você deve decidir sozinho se está correto ou errado.
O programa tentará fazer as questões onde todas as notas estão dentro da faixa que o usuário consegue cantar, como configurado na janela de preferências. Às vezes, não é possível manter a questão dentro desta faixa, por exemplo, quando o exercício está configurado para criar muitos intervalos onde todos os intervalos sobem.
O propósito deste exercício é identificar o acorde sendo tocado.
Comece o exercício pressionando
. Solfege então tocará um acorde, e você deve identificá-lo clicando em um dos botões abaixo da pauta vazia.Se você acertar, o programa mostrará o acorde na pauta e mostrará a mensagem "Correto" na barra de estados.
Se você errar, a mensagem "Errado" será mostrada na barra de status.
Esta página é uma página de ajuda genérica para todos os exercícios escritos usando o módulo de exercícios chord
. Estes exercícios podem perguntar o usuário por três coisas: tipos de acorde, inversão e nota mais aguda. A idéia é que você responda em três passos:
Identificar o tipo de acorde
Qual é a inversão?
Qual nota é a mais alta no acorde?
É importante que você tome tempo, talvez cantar o acorde e identificar o tipo de acorde antes de tentar encontrar a inversão.
Note que é também possível que um exercício somente pergunte pelo tipo de acorde e inversão, ou mesmo somente a inversão e a nota mais aguda.
Se você está conduzindo um coral, você tem que cantar as notas iniciais para três vozes diferentes, e se você não tem um piano perto, você tem que usar um diapasão. Se você for homem, cantará as notas para as mulheres, uma oitava abaixo, e visa versa.
O programa tocará a nota Lá (440 Hz) para você, e mostrará um acorde que você precisa cantar. Solfege ainda não tem suporte para um microfone, então você terá que decidir sozinho se sua resposta está correta ou não.
O programa toca um ritmo gerado aleatoriamente, e o usuário deve reproduzir o ritmo. O usuário entra o ritmo clicando nos botões representando elementos rítmicos diferentes.
Quando você entrar elementos rítmicos o bastante, Solfege checará sua resposta. Se tudo estiver correto, ele mostrará uma carinha feliz, senão uma carinha triste, e os ritmos errados serão marcados.
Se algo da sua resposta estava errado, tudo desde o primeiro elemento errado será removido (preservando qualquer ritmos corretos no início da sua resposta) quando você clica na carinha triste, ou quando você clica nos botões rítmicos no topo da página.
Você pode clicar no botão 'Tocar' para ouvir sua sugestão.
As questões feitas por este exercício estão atualmente selecionando elementos rítmicos aleatoriamente. Esta não é a melhor maneira de fazer isso, e esperamos que uma maneira mais inteligente de gerar questões seja feita em alguma versão posterior.
The program will play a randomly generated rhythm, and the user should reproduce the rhythm. The user enters the rhythm by tapping on the button labeled Tap here.
Este exercício é chamado o exercício de dicção, mas se os arquivos de lição necessários são escritos, ele pode ser usado de várias maneiras:
Você pode deixar Solfege tocar alguma música para você que deve escrevê-la no papel. Clique nos botões com uma semínima para repetir partes menores da música. Você tem que clicar no botão 'Mostrar' e checar suas notas por si mesmo para ver se cometeu algum erro.
You can use this exercise to practise sight singing: When you start the exercise, press Show and then try to sing the music. Then you can use the Play the whole music button or the quarter note buttons to let the program play the music. You have to decide yourself if you think you succeded.
Escalas são um assunto complexo. Por exemplo o lídio grego (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) é diferente do lídio medieval e moderno (C-D-E-F#-G-A-B-C). Você pode ler sobre todas as escalas usadas no GNU Solfege aqui.
Solfege tem três variantes de exercícios de escalas
Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar a escala clicando no botão com o nome da escala.
Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar a estrutura da escala. Você será apresentado a uma coleção de botões com números de '1', '2' e '3'. Estes números representam os intervalos segunda menor, segunda maior e terça menor que estão entre as notas da escala.
Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar o grau. Por exemplo, Solfege pode pegar a escala natural menor e tocá-la a partir de qualquer uma das notas da escala, e você precisa dizer de qual nota começou.
In this exercise, Solfege will play a interval, and you should tell how the interval is intonated. You do this by clicking on one of the buttons labeled 'too small', 'pure' or 'too large'. It is also possible that one of these three buttons are missing
Este é um exercício combinado de memorizar notas e intervalos. Algumas pessoas acreditam que este tipo de exercício pode dar a você a perfeita afinação (afinação absoluta), mas eu não acredito.
O básico é: o programa toca uma nota e você precisa identificá-la comparando com a última nota tocada por você.
Para começar, o programa tocará uma nota e mostrará seu nome na barra de estados. Você identifica as notas clicando no teclado de piano ou usando os atalhos de teclado que são as letras escritas em cada tecla.
Clique com o direito nas teclas do piano para ouvir uma nota sem realmente adivinhá-la. (Alguns vão chamar isto de burlar...)
You can configure the idbyname
exercise as you like if
you select Idtone from the "Configure yourself" submenu of the "Misc"
menu.
Há varias maneiras que você pode fazer este exercício. Pessoalmente, eu não uso este exercício muito, e as seções abaixo são somente sugestões.
Start with only the notes c-d-e at weight 1. When your score is at least 96% correct, you add the tone f and continue. The menu "Misc->Idenify tone", has exercises that will add one and one tone until you practise with all 12 tones.
'Heavy A' describes another way to practise. It require that you select 'Expert mode' on the 'Practise' page of the preferences window. (We hope to get rid of 'Expert mode' before we release Solfege 3.2).
Configure with the tone a at weight 11 (or higher) and the rest of the tones at weight 1. This way the program will play the tone a very often, so you will remember the tone, and then you use a as a reference tone to identify the other tones. When you have practised a while, you can reduce the weight of a to make the exercise harder.
No topo da página de configuração, você diz ao programa quão importante as notas diferentes são. Se você por exemplo der à nota 11 pontos e à pausa 1 ponto cada, então (11+11*1)/11*100 = 50% das notas aleatórias serão um a.
Abaixo você escolhe quais oitavas as notas aleatórias podem ser tiradas.
Então você pode escolher se Solfege deve dar a você uma nova questão automaticamente quando você tiver resolvido a anterior.
No quadro abaixo você pode escolher algumas opções auto-explicativas sobre o que acontece se você responde errado.
Os atalhos de teclado podem ser configurados no arquivo $HOME/.solfegerc
.
O programa tocará um tempo, como um metrônomo. Você deve tentar adivinhar quantas batidas por minuto são tocadas. Cada botão representa um tempo, e o programa tocará somente em tempos que tem um botão com texto negrito. Clique com o direito em botões que mudam o estado de um tempo.
Nota: o ritmo depende da função gtk timeout_add
para tocar o ritmo, então não é muito preciso.
Neste exercício, o programa mostrará todas as 12 notas na escala em uma ordem aleatória e tocar a primeira. Então você deve cantar todas as notas e ver se a última nota está certa. Então isso é mais semelhante a um exame de canto e leitura do que um exercício de aprender a cantar intervalos.
Neste exercício, Solfege mostrará e tocará um intervalo, e você deve identificar o intervalo. Este é um exercício de teoria musical, e não um exercício de treino de audição. Para aprender a nomear intervalos, você deve ler “Intervals”.
Identifique o intervalo clicando no botão dizendo o nome específico e o nome genérico.
Davide Bonetti has contributed a large set of scale exercises and some pages describing all the scales. You can see the pages here.
In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneosly and melodic intervals if they sound successively.
Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Pistons "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talk about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talk about an intervals numerical size. I am a little unsure what the best terms to use are, because english is my second language. Comments, and improvements to this article, are very welcome.
You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the inteval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.
The specific name say the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and a augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.
Accidentals change the size of intervals. The interval becomes one semitone larger if you add a sharp to the highest tone or a flat to the lowest tone. And it becomes one semitone smaller if you add a flat to the highest tone or a sharp to the lowest tone. In the following sections naming of the intervals will be shown in greater detail.
Seconds are easy to recognise: the two notes are neighbours on the staff. One note is on a staff line, and the other one is in the space above or below. A minor second is one semitone step, also called a half step. A major second is two semitone steps, also called a whole step.
To learn to identify seconds, you first have to learn which seconds there are between the natural tones. As you can see in Figura 3.1, “”, only the intervals E-F and B-C are minor seconds. The rest are major intervals. You can check that Figura 3.1, “” is correct by looking at a piano. You will see that there are no black keys between E and F and between B and C.
If the second have accidentals, then we have to examine them to find out how they change the size of the interval. Let us identify a few intervals!
We remove the accidental from the interval in Figura 3.2, “” and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, and becomes a minor second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still do remember Figura 3.1, “”, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval become a augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, and the interval becomes a major second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes an augmented second.
A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Figura 3.5, “” show the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.
Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Figura 3.6, “” show all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.
A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Figura 3.7, “” show all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.
If the interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and a augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:
We remember from Figura 3.7, “” that the interval B-F is a diminished fifth. The lowest tone in Figura 3.8, “” is preceded by a flat that makes the interval one semitone larger and changes the interval from a diminished to a pure fifth.
We know from Figura 3.7, “” that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Figura 3.9, “” the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a doble flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.
Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule apply:
If the third is diminished, then the sixth is augmented
If the third is minor, then the sixth is major
If the third is major, then the sixth is minor
If the third is augmented, then the sixth is diminished
If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals E-C, A-F and B-G are minor. The other four are major. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
Sevenths are identified the same way as sixths. When you invert a seventh, you get a second.
If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals C-B and F-E are major. The other five are minor. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
You invert an interval when you move the lowest tone of an interval one octave higher or the highest tone one octave lower. The general name changes this way:
Second becomes seventh.
Third becomes sixth.
Forth becomes fifth.
Fifth becomes fourth.
Sixth becomes third.
Seventh becomes second.
The specific name changes this way:
Diminished becomes augmented.
Minor becomes major.
Perfect stays perfect.
Major becomes minor.
Augmented becomes diminished.
Below are two examples, a major third is inverted and becomes a minor sixth, and a minor seventh is inverted and becomes a major second.
Índice
harmonicinterval
modulemelodicinterval
modulesinginterval
modulecompareintervals
moduleidbyname
modulesinganswer
modulerhythm
modulerhythmtapping
modulerhythmtapping2
moduleidtone
modulechord
moduledictation
modulesingchord
modulenameinterval
moduleelembuilder
moduleGNU Solfege is written so that it can easily be extended, even if you do not know any computer programming. The steps are:
Create a lesson file.
Create a learning tree for your own lesson file. You do this only once.
Add the lesson file to the learning tree.
Read “Lesson files” for details on creating
lesson files. The easiest way to get started is to take one of the
existing lesson files, and modify it. The lesson files included in
Solfege are stored in a directory names lesson-files
.
The exact location of this directory depends on your operating system and
show you have installed the program. A few suggestions are
C:\Program files\GNU Solfege
,
/usr/share/solfege
,
/usr/local/share/solfege
or ~/.local/share/solfege
.
You create a learning tree by opening the learning tree editor. Select
.solfege/learningtrees
in your home directory.
Then you create a menu and a submenu with the learning tree editor, and finally adds the lesson file to the selected submenu by clicking the
button.In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.
If you create your own lesson files, you should save them in a directory
named lessonfiles
in your home directory. On MS Windows
the directory is probably C:\Documents and
Settings\yourusername
. To be sure, you can search for the file
.solfegerc
. The directory
lessonfiles
should be created in the same directory as
.solfegerc
.
Then you should add your lesson file to the menus.
You do this with the learning tree editor available on the
menu.
Exercise modules
harmonicintervals
Train harmonic intervals.
melodicintervals
Train one or more melodic intervals.
singinterval
This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.
idbyname
This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.
chord
The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.
chordvoicing
A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.
compareintervals
Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.
rhythm
A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.
dictation
harmonicprogressiondictation
idtone
identifybpm
twelvetone
singchord
Solfege by default expect the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. gedit is a nice little editor that let you edit unicode files.
If you don't like unicode, you can tell Solfege that the file has another encoding by inserting a special comment line as the first line of the file. The following example set the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
Russians might want to use koi8-r:
# -*- coding: koi8-r -*-
The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.
Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:
# This line is ignored. The next line is not. question { bla bla }
Strings are quoted with the "
character. Example:
"this is a string"
Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or
if the string itself has to contain the "
character:
description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""
NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:
In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.' (line 20): question { (line 21): question { (line 22): name = _("Ionia�)
then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:
iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file
Global variables can save you a few key strokes.
s = "\score\relative c'{ %s } question { # instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }") music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g") }
A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:
header { ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT ... } question { ASSIGNMENT ... }
The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.
Variables shared by many exercise modules
module
Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This
variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in
Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the content
variable.). Example:
module = idbyname
lesson_id
Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string
you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege
will also offer to create a new lesson_id
if you have
two files with identical lesson_id
. Example:
lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"
version
Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:
version = "3.0.7"
title
Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:
title = "Minor and major chords in root position"
lesson_heading
A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:
lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
help
This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:
help = "idbyname-intonation"
By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.
theory
This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:
theory = "scales/maj"
random_transpose
In some exercises the program can transpose the music to
create variation. The default value is yes
. (The
default value changed from no
to
yes
in Solfege 3.0.)
Used in modules: chord
,
chordvoicing
, harmonicprogressiondictation
,
idbyname
, singanswer
,
singchord
Possible values
No transposition will be done.
The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.
Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.
For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in
the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor,
or the question must have a key
variable telling the key signature.
Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.
Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.
enable_right_click = no
By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear
the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to
no
for lesson files where it does not make sense, for
example in a idbyname
lesson file where many questions
have the same name.
Modules: idbyname
, chordvoicing
and chord
.
disable_unused_intervals
= no
By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals
that are not being asked. Set this variable to no
if you
want all buttons to be sensitive.
Modules: harmonicinterval
and
melodicinterval
.
ask_for_intervals_0
Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major
second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending
intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables
ask_for_intervals_1
,
ask_for_intervals_2
etc. In the following example
Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second
or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be
either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.
ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2] ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]
Modules: melodicinterval
and
singinterval
.
intervals
This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises
using the harmonicinterval
module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major
second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:
intervals = [3, 4]
Modules: harmonicinterval
.
test
This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test,
Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number
of times.
This variable is always used together with test_requirement
.
In the following example, each question will be asked
3 times:
test = "3x"
Modules: harmonicinterval
,
idbyname
, melodicinterval
and singinterval
.
test_requirement
This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:
test_requirement = "90%"
Modules: harmonicinterval
,
idbyname
, melodicinterval
and singinterval
.
have_repeat_arpeggio_button
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the exercise to have a
"Repeat arpeggio" button.
Modules: singanswer
.
have_music_displayer
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the question to have a
music displayer.
In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.
In the singanswer
module, setting this variable
will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when
the question is displayed.
Modules: idbyname
,
elembuilder
and
singanswer
.
at_question_start
This variable changes what happens when the user clicks
have_music_displayer
variable is set to
yes
. Setting this variable will also set
have_music_displayer
to yes
.
at_question_start = show
The exercise will get a
button. When the user clicks the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click to hear the music.at_question_start = play
The exercise will get a
button. When the user clicks the music is played. Click to see the music.at_question_start = show, play
When the user clicks
the music is both played and displayed.Modules: idbyname
, elembuilder
and rhythmtapping2
.
vmusic
This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be
displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It
will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is
answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added to
idbyname
in Solfege 2.5.1 and to
elembuilder
in 3.9.2.
Modules: idbyname
and elembuilder
.
rhythm_elements
A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:
rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
0: ,
1:
,
2:
,
3:
,
4:
,
5:
,
6:
,
7:
,
8:
,
9:
,
10:
,
11:
,
12:
,
13:
,
14:
,
15:
,
16:
,
17:
,
18:
,
19:
,
20:
,
21:
,
22:
,
23:
,
24:
,
25:
,
26:
,
27:
,
28:
,
29:
,
30:
,
31:
,
32:
,
33:
,
34:
Modules: rhythm
and rhythmtapping2
Variables you can define in the question block
name
Questions written for the idbyname or the chord exercise modules need a name.
music
For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:
question { name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" music = music(...)" }
you can write:
question { name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" music(...) }
Music objects are documented in “music
objects”.
tempo
Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:
tempo = 150 / 4
This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.
Modules: idbyname
, chord
,
chordvoicing
and
rhythmtapping
.
instrument
By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:
instrument = "cello", 100
The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the velocity of the tones, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:
instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100
This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.
Modules: idbyname
, chord
,
singanswer
and chordvoicing
Each question in your lesson files will define one or more
music
objects.
music
This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you
have to enter complete code with a \staff
command. Example:
variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")
chord
Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:
variable = chord("c' e' g'")
satb
This type of music is used by the singchord exercises. It let you say which tones of a chord the different voices in a choir will sing. Take this, for example:
variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")
The c''
will be sung by the soprano, e'
by the alto, g
by the tenor and
c
by the bass. Please notice that when this music
is played in arpeggio, the tones to be sung by the women, will be played
one octave deeper, of the user is a male. And vice versa if the user
is a female or a child.
voice
This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.
variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
is the same as
variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
rvoice
rvoice
is similar to voice
except that the music is in \relative
mode, relative
to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:
variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2") \staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }
percussion
This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.
variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")
rhythm
This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the
two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone
c
will play the rhythm representing the question,
and the tone d
can be used if you want to write some
sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:
rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")
You should only use two pitches, c
and
d
. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still
work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many
different instruments you should use the percussion music object.
midifile
Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:
variable = midifile("share/example.mid")
wavfile
Play a .wav
file. The path given to the file
is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:
variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")
mp3file
Play a MP3 file. Similar to wavfile
.
oggfile
Play an Ogg Vorbis file. Similar to wavfile
.
cmdline
Run an external program. Example:
cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")
_
_
takes a string as its only argument. Use this if you want Solfege to translate the string for you. Example:
title = _("Bla bla title")
include
Includes another file. Example:
include("singchord-1")
The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.
User documentation is in “Intervalo harmônico”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = harmonicinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Seconds" intervals = [1, 2] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
User documentation is in “Intervalo melódico”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = melodicinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Seconds and thirds" ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
Tests are only partially implemented for the
melodicinterval
exercise module: tests where each question
is made by more than one interval does not work yet.
User documentation is in “Cantar intervalo”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = singinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Thirds" ask_for_intervals_0 = [3, 4] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { countin_perc = compareintervals title = "Compare intervals" lesson_id = "9f830e12-1f50-4fa9-8688-1e04469692fa" }
This file will make an exercise that ask you to compare harmonic intervals. And since you do not say which intervals, it will ask for all intervals from a small second up to a major decim.
first_interval_type
, second_interval_type
Let you select if the intervals you are asked to compare should be a
melodic or a harmonic interval. The default value is
melodic
. Possible values:
harmonic
and melodic
.
first_interval_type = melodic second_interval_type = harmonic
Modules: compareintervals
.
first_interval
, last_interval
Select which intervals to select from when creating the questions. This variable should be defined the same way as ask_for_intervals_0. If these two variables are not defined, then the user will be able to select which intervals to practise from the Config page of the exercise.
Modules: compareintervals
.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = idbyname lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Menuitem title" } question { name = "Major" music = chord("c' e' g'") } question { name = "Minor" music = chord("c' es' g'") }
Optional idbyname header variables
filldir = vertic
Tell the direction the buttons are filled. Default value is horiz
.
Modules: idbyname
.
fillnum
Tell how many buttons there are in each row or column. The default value is 1.
Modules: idbyname
.
labelformat
= progression
The default value is normal
.
Set to progression
for lesson files where the name of the
questions is a harmonic progression, written in a undocumented, but not
difficult format. Check some existing lesson file to see how it works.
Modules: idbyname
have_repeat_slowly_button
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat slowly" button.
Modules: idbyname
.
See also at_question_start.
Optional question variables
vmusic
See vmusic.
cuemusic
Will be displayed in the music displayer when the user clicks New.
Ignored if at_question_start = play, show
or
at_question_start = show
, because then the content of
music
or vmusic
is displayed when the
user clicks New. (Added in Solfege 2.5.1)
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = singanswer lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Sing the root of the chord" } question { question_text = "Sing the root" music = chord("c' e' g'") answer = chord("c'") } question { question_text = "Sing the root" music = chord("a' c'' e''") answer = chord("a'") }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythm lesson_id = "7a4910be-de17-4ce3-9d15-78d48ccf945e" version = "3.1.4" title = "Easy rhythms" rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4 }
visible_rhythm_elements
Define this variable if you want more rhythm elements that the one to
be asked for. This variable must include both the rhythm elements defined
in rhythm_elements
and the extra elements.
Example:
rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
countin_perc
An integer value between 35 and 81, representing the percussion instrument used to give you the beat before the question. The default value is 80. Example:
countin_perc = 35
35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1 67 High Agoga 36 Bass Drum 52 Chinece Cymbal 68 Agogo Low 37 Side Stick 53 Ride Bell 69 Cabasa 38 Acoustic Snare 54 Tambourine 70 Maracas 39 Hand Clap 55 Splash Cymbal 71 Short Whistle 40 Electric Snare 56 Cowbell 72 Long Whistle 41 Low Floor Tom 57 Crash cymbal 2 73 Short Guiro 42 Closed Hi Hat 58 Vibraslap 74 Long Guiro 43 High Floor Tom 59 Ride Cymbal 2 75 Claves 44 Pedal Hi Hat 60 Hi Bongo 76 Hi Wood Block 45 Low Tom 61 Low Bongo 77 Low Wood Block 46 Open HiHat 62 Mute Hi Conga 78 Mute Cuica 47 Low-Mid Tom 63 Open High Conga 79 Open Cuica 48 Hi-Mid Tom 64 Low Conga 80 Mute Triangle 49 Crash Cymbal 1 65 High Timbale 81 Open Triangle 50 High Tom 66 Low Timbale
Modules: rhythm
rhythm_perc
Same as countin_perc, but setting the instrument used to play the question. The default value is 37.
Modules: rhythm
count_in
The number of beats as count in. The default value is 2.
Modules: rhythm
bpm
The tempo, in beats per minute. The default value is 60.
Modules: rhythm
num_beats
The number of elements the question is made of. The default value is 4.
Modules: rhythm
Exercises using this module will play some music and then the user should tap the rhythm. The program will then say if the users rhythm is similar enough to the rhythm played by the computer.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythmtapping lesson_id = "82b718e8-f174-446f-8297-58ddd17dae03" version = "3.7.0" title = "Rhythm tapping test" } question { music = rhythm("c4 c8 c8") } question { music = music("\staff\relative c'{c4 d8 e f4}\addvoice\relative c'{c4 b8 c a4}") rhythm = rhythm("c4 c8 c c4") }
The first question in the example is very simple and self explaining.
Solfege will play the rhythm defined in the music
variable,
and the user should tap that rhythm.
The second question is a little more complicated. Here Solfege will play
the music defined in the music
variable. And when the user
taps the rhythm, Solfege will compare the users rhythm with the rhythm defined
in the rhythm
variable. The reason for using two variables
is that Solfege is not smart enought to figure out the rhythm if you enter
polyphonic music. It make noe difference if you set the
rhythm
variable to be a rhythm
music
object, or another single voice type like rvoice
. This might
change in the future. You as a lesson file author must make sure the rhythms in
the two variables are in fact the same.
Solfege will play a generated rhythm, and the user should tap the same rhythm.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythmtapping2 lesson_id = "7a4916be-de47-42e3-9d15-78d48ccf945e" version = "3.7.0" title = "Rhythm tapping test" rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4 }
See also at_question_start.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = idtone title = "Id tone 3" lesson_id = "e263d70a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72" black_keys_weight = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 white_keys_weight = 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
The 'weight' of a tone tell how big chance is it that the program will select this tone as the next to identify. Think of the weight of a tone as the number of lottery tickets with the name of the tone.
The variable black_keys_weight
set the weight of the
tones c#, d#, f#, g# and a#, and white_keys_weight
will set
the weight of the tones c, d, e, f, g, a, b. In the example above, the tones c,
d and e get an equal weight of 1, the other tones 0. This mean that the only
tones that will be asked for are c, d and e, and that the three tones share the
same probability to be selected.
The chord module let you identify different properties of chords, such as their name, inversion, top tone etc.
The properties are defined by the props
variable in
the lesson file header, and there should be a variable
prop_labels
that defines the label to use.
props
and prop_labels
must be lists of
equal length. You only have to define these two variables if you need
other properties than the default ones: name
,
inversion
and toptone
.
Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.
header { module = chord title = "Minor and major chords" lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72" qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone" qprop_labels = _("Chord type"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone") } question { name = "Major" music = chord("c' e' g'") inversion = 0 } question { name = "Minor" music = chord("es' g' c''") inversion = 1 }
The inversion
property is special. If assigned integer
values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So 0
is replaced with "root position", 1
with "1. inversion" etc.
Example:
header { module = dictation lesson_id = "a265df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" title = _("Norwegian children songs") version = "2.1.10" } question { name = "Bæ, bæ, lille lam" tempo = 130/4 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 8/1, 10/1, 12/1, 14/1 music = rvoice(""" \time 4/4 c'2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 | c2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 | a'4 f f f | g2. e4 | f d d d | e2. c4 | a'2 f | g e4 e | f b, b b | c1 | """) } question { # this tempo definition overrides the global tempo = 160/4 name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 6/1 music = rvoice(""" \time 4/4 c' d e f | g2 g2 | a4 a a a | g1 | f4 f f f | e2 e | d4 d d d | c1 """) } question { name = "Det satt to katter på et bord..." tempo = 96/4 music = rvoice(""" \key g \major \time 2/4 d'8 | [g g] [fis e] | [fis g] a4 | [d,16 d d d] [e8 fis] | g2 """) }
By default, the dictation exercise will show the first column of music, and then the user should write the rest. But if the first column is not good enough, for example if there are only rests on the first beat, these two variables can tell the program how much music to display:
clue_end
The following example will display the music on all staffs in the first quarter note:
clue_end=1/4
clue_music
This is an alternative to clue_end
. The music assigned
to clue_music
will be shown to the user when he should
start the dictation. You should not use both clue_end
and clue_music
in the same question.
breakpoints
Set breakpoints in the music, so you can hear the music in parts when doing the dictation.
Questions for this exercise need to have the key
variable set if the key signature is anything else than ''c'' major (or ''a'' minor). Example:
header { module = singchord lesson_id = "a404df62-e037-6a1b-9027-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Simple chords" } question { music = "c''|e'|g|c" } question { music = "a'|e'|c'|a" } question { key="d \major" music = "a'|fis'|d'|d"} question { key="f \minor" music = "as'|f'|c'|f"}
See also “Cantar acorde”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { lesson_id = "5623c43e-f529-4376-a0c9-c7d533050360" module = nameinterval title = _("Fifths") intervals = p5, a5, d5 }
intervals
A list the the intervals to ask for. The intervals are written
in a short form, a letter and a number, like d5
or m7
. The letters are telling the interval quality are
'd' for diminished, 'a' for augmented, 'm' for minor, 'M' for major and
'p' for perfect.
tones
This variable sets the range of tones that can be used when
constructing the intervals. The note names as to be quoted. The
default value is "b", "g''"
. Example:
tones = "c'", "f''" # valid tones = c', f'' # not valid
accidentals
This variable defines how many accidentals the tones making the interval can have. The value 0 means no accidentals, 1 means that flats and sharps are allowed, and 2 means that double flats and double sharps are allowed. The default value is 1. Example:
accidentals = 2
clef
Set which clef to use. The default value is violin
.
Possible values: violin
, treble
,
subbass
, bass
,
baritone
, varbaritone
,
tenor
, alto
,
mezzosoprano
and french
.
Example:
clef = bass
Here is a minimal lesson file:
element progI { label = "I" } element progIV { label = "IV" } element progV { label = "V" } header { lesson_id = "3f3872c0-ef2e-4132-9fb1-97f75c7b28fd" module = elembuilder title = "progression test" elements = auto # uncomment if you want a music displayer. # have_music_displayer = yes } question { music = rvoice("<c' e g> <b d g> <c e g>") elements = progI, progV, progI name = "I-V-I" } question { music = rvoice("<c' e g> <c f a> <c e g>") elements = progI, progIV, progI name = "I-IV-I" }
This block defines the elements the user can put together to answer the
question. Each block is named by the string between element
and {
. The block defines one variable,
label
that is the label the button will get.
label
can either be a plain string, or a progressionlabel
. Progressionlabel strings are displayed a little larger than the default font, and a simple syntax let you get small subscript and superscript numbers. Try I-(6,4)V(6,4)-I
or I-IV(6)-V(6)-I
to get an idea how it works.
elements
This variable defines which elements to display. Set this to auto
to display all elements that are needed to answer the questions in the lesson file. You can display more elements that needed to make it more difficult for the user. An example:
elements = progI, progIV, progV, progIV, progV_6
music_displayer_stafflines
Set this if you want the music displayer to show more than one empty staff line when the music displayer have no music to display.
See also at_question_start.
elements
This variable defines which elements defines the question.
tonic
The exercise will have a "Play tonic" button if this variable is defined in a question in the lesson file. The variable should contain some music to play to the user so that he knows the tonic of the question. This can be useful in harmonic progressions that does not start on the tonic. This variable is optional. Example:
tonic = chord("c e g")
See also vmusic.
acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths) bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead) electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age) honky-tonk orchestral strings pad 2 (warm) electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth) electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir) harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed) clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic) celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo) glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep) music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain) vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack) marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal) xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere) tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness) dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins) drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes) percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi) rock organ brass section sitar church organ synthbrass 1 banjo reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen accordion soprano sax koto harmonica alto sax kalimba concertina tenor sax bagpipe acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock distorted guitar flute taiko drum guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom acoustic bass pan flute synth drum electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal electric bass (pick) skakuhachi guitar fret noise fretless bass whistle breath noise slap bass 1 ocarina seashore slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter violin lead 4 (chiff) applause viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot cello lead 6 (voice)
The first column is the integer value for the instrument. The second column tell the name of the note you should enter in the rhythm music object.
35 b,, Acoustic Bass Drum 59 b Ride Cymbal 2 36 c, Bass Drum 1 60 c' Hi Bongo 37 cis, Side Stick 61 cis' Low Bongo 38 d, Acoustic Snare 62 d' Mute Hi Conga 39 dis, Hand Clap 63 dis' Open High Conga 40 e, Electric Snare 64 e' Low Conga 41 f, Low Floor Tom 65 f' High Timbale 42 fis, Closed Hi Hat 66 fis' Low Timbale 43 g, High Floor Tom 67 g' High Agogo 44 gis, Pedal Hi Hat 68 gis' Agogo Low 45 a, Low Tom 69 a' Cabasa 46 ais, Open HiHat 70 ais' Maracas 47 b, Low-Mid Tom 71 b' Short Whistle 48 c Hi-Mid Tom 72 c'' Long Whistle 49 cis Crash Cymbal 1 73 cis'' Short Guiro 50 d High Tom 74 d'' Long Guiro 51 dis Ride Cymbal 1 75 dis'' Claves 52 e Chinese Cymbal 76 e'' Hi Wood Block 53 f Ride Bell 77 f'' Low Wood Block 54 fis Tambourine 78 fis'' Mute Cuica 55 g Splash Cymbal 79 g'' Open Cuica 56 gis Cowbell 80 gis'' Mute Triangle 57 a Crash Cymbal 2 81 a'' Open Triangle 58 ais Vibraslap
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Version 2, June 1991
Índice
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
Este apêndice contém o arquivo que é mostrado quando o programa inicia, antes do usuário selecionar um exercício.
Solfege é um programa livre para treino de audição. O programa é parte do Projeto GNU. Cheque “Recursos online” para informações sobre listas de email e onde obter a última versão do Solfege.
Select a exercise from the menu to start practising, or click here to read the user manual.
Uma das idéias deste programa é que você possa estender o programa sem ter que mergulhar no código fonte. Se você quer praticar alguns acordes especiais ou praticar dicção com alguma música não incluída, você pode escrever arquivos de lição e colocá-los em um subdiretório lessonfiles/
no seu diretório pessoal $HOME
. Se você criar bons arquivos de lição, você realmente deve considerar compartilhá-los enviando para a lista de email para que possamos adicioná-los à próxima versão do programa.