This manual describes version 3.9.2 of GNU Solfege.
Telif Hakkı © 2005 Tom Eykens
Telif Hakkı © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Tom Cato Amundsen
Özgür Yazılım Vakfı tarafından yayımlanan Genel Kamu Lisansını kabul etmiş olmak şartıyla bu belgeyi kopyalamaya ve dağıtmaya izin verilebilir; bu kural Lisansın 2inci veya daha sonraki sürümü için de geçerlidir. Lisansın tam metninin sağlanabileceği yer Ek A, GNU General Public License.
Geri Bildirim
GNU Solfege uygulaması veya bu kullanıma rehberi hakkında Bir hata bildirmek veya bir öneride bulunmak için lütfen burayı ziyaret edinSITS (Solfege Issue Tracking System) or email <bug-solfege@gnu.org>
.
Baskı Tarihçesi | |
---|---|
Baskı GNU Solfege Manual V 3.9.2 | 2005-10-22 |
İçindekiler
harmonicinterval
modulemelodicinterval
modulesinginterval
modulecompareintervals
moduleidbyname
modulesinganswer
modulerhythm
modulerhythmtapping
modulerhythmtapping2
moduleidtone
modulechord
moduledictation
modulesingchord
modulenameinterval
moduleelembuilder
moduleİçindekiler
There are two ways to report bugs or make requesting an enhancement
regarding the GNU Solfege application or the user manual: send an email to
<bug-solfege@gnu.org>
or open a new bug on SITS (Solfege Issue Tracking
System). General questions and patches should be sent to
<solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
.
Lütfen detaylı hata raporu gönderiniz. '' Programı başlatmayı denediğimde bir hata mesajı alıyorum'' gibi bir ifade benim için yetersizdir. Hata raporu gönderirken şunlara dikkat ediniz:
Solfege yazılımının hangi sürümünü kullandığınızı belirtiniz. Eğer daha yeni bir sürümü varsa kontrol ediniz. Eğer sadece kararlı sürümü kullanmak istiyorsanız, bu durumda geliştirme sürümlerini test etme durumunda kalmazsınız.
Hangi işletim sistemi kullanmaktasınız? Versiyonu nedir?
Hata oluştuğunda tama olarak ne yaptığınızı tanımlayınız.
Hata raporunun tam bir kopyasını gönderiniz. Size şifre gibi gözükseler de onların Solfege yazarı için çok daha büyük anlamı vardır.
Solfege anasayfası http://www.solfege.org. Daha duruk bilgiler içeren daha küçük web sayfasının linkihttp://www.gnu.org/software/solfege/.
Kaynak kodunu indirebileceğiniz linkhttp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Eğer maceracı biriyseniz, kararsız sürümü deneyebilirsiniz (biraz hatalı, fakat bazı yeni özellikle içerebilir) buradan yükleyebilirsinizhttp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Bu sürümlerde daha çok hata olabilir, fakat yazılımın yeni özelliklerini deneme şansınız ve bazı hataları bulup raporlama şansınız var.
Kaynak kodu ve bazı önceden derlenmiş ikililere ulaşmak içinhttp://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1465.
Eğer Debian kullanıyorsanızapt-get install solfege
komutu ile yazılımı yükleyip kurabilirsiniz.
Çok düşük trafik, azaltılmış ve Solfege yazılımının kararlı sürümlerinin duyurulması için kullanılacak olan bir link. (Subscription | Archive)
Eğer Solfege yazılımının yükleme ve kurulmasında bazı problemler yaşıyorsanız, ya da sorularınız, yorumlarınız veya Solfege geliştirmek ile ilgili fikirleriniz varsa, yazara veya Sourceforge'daki forumlara ileti göndermek yerine bunları listelere gönderiniz. solfege-devel listesine üye olmadan da ileti gönderebilirsiniz. (Subscription | Archive)
Hata raporlarının gönderildiği standart GNU adresi. Bu liste'nin şu anda iletildiği posta adresi <solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
Kullanıcının sesleri söylemesi istendiğinde Solfege bu bilgiyi bazı alıştırmalarda kullanır.
Bu döndürme düğmeleri Solfege yazılımına kullanıcının söyleyebileceği en tiz ve en pes sesi anlatır. Bu değerler yazılımın önerdiği değerlerdir sadece. Örneğin değerler ''c'' ile '''c''' arasına ayarlanmış ise yazılımın size küçük ve büyük ondalık değerler aralığındaki parametrede sesleri söylemesini istemek üzere ayarlamışsınız demektir, bu oranın dışındaki sesleri söylemek zorundasınızdır.
Mail program: Defines the command that starts the mail program.
The sound convertor programs are used to export exercises to sound
files. You should enter the full path to the program. Solfege will replace
%(in)s
with the name of the file to convert.
%(out)s
will, if used, be replaced with the name of
the file to convert to.
User resizeable main window: Allows the user to resize the main solfege window.
Expert mode: Let the user select what questions from the lesson files to practise. No statistics is stored in ''expert mode''.
Select language: You can manually select the language you want if Solfege does not detect this correctly, or if you want to run Solfege with a different language that your operating system.
Not allow new question before the old is solved: Disable the 'new' button until the question is answered correctly or the user clicks "give up".
Repeat question if the answer was wrong: Play the sound again when the user gives an incorrect answer.
Sesi çalmanın üç yolu vardır:
Use this for debugging or when you are porting Solfege. No sounds are played, the midi events are printed to stdout.
The best choice here is usually /dev/music
because it has the best support for percussion instruments.
/dev/sequencer2
is usually a symbolic link to
/dev/music
. If your system don't have
/dev/music
, you can create it with this command as root (if you run the linux kernel version 2.2 or later):
cd /dev mknod music u 14 8
This can be useful when porting to systems that don't use OSS, or if you have a bad midi synth on your soundcard and want to use timidity.
Check the ''My sound card is Sound Blaster AWE32, AWE64 or pnp32''
check button if you have this kind of sound card. This will give you
real percussion in the rhythm exercise. Code still has to be added for
other sound cards. This option is only necessary if you use
/dev/sequencer
to play midi sounds.
The training set editor let you create MIDI/WAV/MP3/OGG files of questions so that you can upload them to your pda, cell phone or MP3 player. A solution sheet will be generated for you to print out. Then you can let the MP3 player play the tracks by random order, and you can use the solution sheet to check if you recognised the music correctly.
You use the training set editor to define which exercises to generate. You can save your definition in a file for later use. Each time you click
a new set of files are generated in a directory of your choice. You have to manually upload the generated sound files to you mobile device.The program let you generate questions from as many lesson files as you like, but the most typical usage would be to generate lots of questions from just a single, or just a few files.
The programs used to convert between the different file formats are defined in Gui page of the preferences window. Please check the definitions there if you have problems converting the MIDI files to WAV, MP3 or OGG format.
Table headings explained
The number of questions to generate from the lesson file.
The number of times to repeat each question.
How long delay it will be between the questions. Measured in the length of quarter-notes.
This tool is available on the
menu. Use it to create ear traing tests to print out on paper. Solfege will generate two versions of the document: one for the students to complete, and one with the correct answer already written.
This feature is not completed yet, so this document tries to describe what
we have so far. Expect a more polished version before the next stable
release. Please send comments, suggestions and bug report so the mailing
list: <solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
.
The idbyname,
melodicinterval and
harmonicinterval. From lesson
files written for the idbyname
module, only
chord,
rvoice and
voice music objects are supported.
İçindekiler
Bu alıştırma aralıkları çalışabilecek olduğunuz alıştırmalardan biridir. Anlayış basittir. Siz rastgele bir aralık çalınması için ''Yeni aralık'' düğmesine basarsınız ve aralığın hangi nitelikte olduğunu söylersiniz.
If you are using the buttons interface, then you can right-click on the buttons to hear the interval they represent.
Alıştırmanın yapılandırma sayfasında, soruya cevap vermenin farklı yollarını seçebileceğiniz karma bir kutu vardır. Orada piyano, gitar, bas ve varsayılan düğmeler arabirimine ek olarak akordiyon'un birkaç türü vardır. Piyano arabirimini gösteren ekran görüntüsü aşağıdadır.
Yeni aralık: Alt-n
Tekrarla: Alt-r
Melodik tekrarla: Alt-m
Vazgeç: Alt-g
Küçük ikili: 1 | Tam dörtlü: 2 | Büyük altılı: 3 | Küçük dokuzlu: 4 |
Büyük ikili: q | Tritone: w | Küçük yedili: e | Büyük dokuzlu: r |
Küçük üçlü: a | Tam beşli: s | Büyük yedili: d | Küçük onlu: f |
Büyük üçlü: z | Küçük altılı: x | Tam oktav: c | Büyük onlu: v |
Alıştırma rastgele aralıklar üretir veya siz bunları tanımlamaya çalışmalısınız.
If you are using the buttons interface, then you can right-click on the buttons to hear the interval they represent.
Alıştırmanın yapılandırma sayfasında, soruya cevap vermenin farklı yollarını seçebileceğiniz karma bir kutu vardır. Orada piyano, gitar, bas ve varsayılan düğmeler arabirimine ek olarak akordiyon'un birkaç türü vardır. Piyano arabirimini gösteren ekran görüntüsü aşağıdadır.
Bu alıştırmada, Solfege yazılımı bir veya birden fazla aralığı gösterecektir ve bunları seslendirmelisiniz. Ne yazık ki , eğer Solfege yazılımının doğru seslendirme yapıp yapmadığınıza Solfege karar vermesi için sesleri bir mikrofona henüz söyleyemiyorsanız, o zaman doğru söyleyip söyleyemediğinize kendiniz karar vermek zorundasınız.
İnsan sesi bölgesinde kalarak bu yazılım bir soru sormayı deneyecek, ki bu işlem tercihler penceresinde yapılandırılmıştır. Bazen, soruları daha makul ses sınırları içinde kullanmak pek mümkün olmamıştır, örneğin bazı alıştırmalar öyle programlanmıştır ki yukarı doğru giden pek çok aralık oluşturulmuştur.
Bu alıştırmanın amacı çalınan akoru nitelendirmektir.
Alıştırmaya
düğmesine basarak başlayın. Solfege siz düğmeye basınca bir akor çalacaktır, ve boş dizeğin altındaki düğmelerden birine basarak bu akoru nitelendireceksiniz.Eğer tahmininiz doğru ise, program akoru dizekte gösterecek ve durum çubuğunda "Doğru" mesajı yanıp sönecektir. Bundan sonra siz
düğmesine basarak yeni bir soruya hazırlanacaksınız.Eğer tahmininiz yanlış ise durum çubuğunda "Yanlış" mesajı gözükecektir.
Bu sayfa üreysel bir yardım sayfasıdır ve tüm alıştırmalar akor
alıştırması modülü kullanılarak yazılmıştır. Bu alıştırmalar kullanıcıya üç şey sorar: akor türü, çevrim ve en üstteki ses. Sizin cevabınızdaki ana fikir üç adımda gerçekleşir:
Akor türünü nitelendiriniz.
Çevrim hangisidir?
Akorda en yukardaki ses hangisidir?
Bir çevrimi bulmadan önce akor seslerini söylemeniz ve akor türünü nitelendirmeniz biraz zamanınızı alabilir.
Bir alıştırmanın sadece akor türünü veya çevrimi, hatta sadece çevrimi ve akorun en üstündeki ses sorabilme olasılığı bulunduğuna lütfen dikkat ediniz.
Eğer bir koro yönetiyorsanız, eğer yakınınızda piyano yoksa, tüm partilerin ilk başlangıç seslerini söylemelisiniz, ya da bir diyapasonunuz olmalı. Eğer erkekseniz, kadın seslerini bir oktav aşağıdan söylemelisiniz.
Yazılım LA sesini (440 hz) sizin için çalacaktır, ve söylemeniz gereken akoru gösterecektir. Solfege yazılımı henüz mikrofonu desteklememektedir, bu yüzden cevabınızın doğruluğunu kendiniz kontrol etmelisiniz.
Yazılım rastgele üretilmiş bir ritm çalacak ve kullanıcının ritmi yeniden üretmesi gerekecektir. 'Kullanıcı' değişik ritmik ögeleri içeren düğmelere tıklayarak ritmleri girecektir.
Yeterli ritmik unsur girdikten sonra, Solfege cevabınızı kontrol edecektir. Eğer herşey doğruysa mutlu bir yüz çıkacak eğer değilse üzgün bir surat gözükecek ve yanlış ritmler gösterilecektir.
Üzgün surata tıkladığınızda ya da sayfanın üstündeki ritm düğmelerine tıkladığınız zaman, eğer cevaplarınızdan bazıları yanlış ise, baştan sona tüm yanlış ögeler kaldırılacaktır (cevabınızdaki doğru ritmler korunacaktır).
You can click the 'Play' button to hear your suggestion.
Bu alıştırmadaki sorular ritm ögelerinin rastgele seçimi ile oluşturulmaktadır aynı zamanda. Bunun yapmanın en iyi yolu bu değildir, ve umarız daha sonraki sürümlerde soruları harmanlamanın daha akılcı yolunu bulacağız.
The program will play a randomly generated rhythm, and the user should reproduce the rhythm. The user enters the rhythm by tapping on the button labeled Tap here.
Bu alıştırmaya dikte alıştırması denir, fakat ders dosyaları hazır ise bu alıştırmalar başka şekillerde de kullanılabilir:
Solfege yazılımı kağıda yazacağınız bir müziği çalar. Müziğin küçük parçalarını tekrar etmesi için dörtlük nota şeklindeki düğmeye basın. Bir hata yapıp yapmadığınızı kontrol etmek için Göster düğmesini tıklamalısınız.
Bu alıştırmayı deşifre amaçlı kullanabilirsiniz. Alıştırmaya başladığınızda, Göster'e basın ve müziği söylemeye çalışın. Ondan sonra programın müziğin tamamını çalması için Çal'a veya dörtlük nota şeklindeki düğmelere basın. Başarılı olup olmadığınıza kendiniz karar vermek durumundasınız.
Scales are a complex matter. For example is the greek lydian (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) different from the medieval and modern lydian (C-D-E-F#-G-A-B-C). You can read about all the scales used in GNU Solfege here.
Solfege has three variants of scale exercises so far.
Solfege bir dizi çalacaktır, ve diziyi dizi adlarının olduğu düğmelerden birine tıklayarak tanımlamalısınız.
Solfege will play a scale, and you should identify the structure of the scale. You will be presented a collection of buttons labeled with a number of '1', '2' and '3'. These numbers represent the intervals minor second, major second and minor third that are between the tones of the scale.
Solfege will play a scale, and you should idenitfy the grade. For example may Solfege take the natural minor scale, and play it from any of the tones one the scale, and you must tell which tone it starts on.
Bu alıştırmada, Solfege bir aralık çalacak ve aralığın nasıl temiz söyleneceğini söylemelisiniz.
Bu ses hafızası ve aralık alıştırmasının birleşimidir. Bazı kişiler bu tür bir çalışmanın size mükemmel bir duyuş yetisi (absolut kulak) kazandırdığına inanırlar, ama ben inanmıyorum.
Programın temelinde size bir ses duyurup bunu belirlemenizi istemek ve bu sesi bir önce verilen ses ile karşılaştırmanızı beklemektir.
Başlamak için program size bir ses çalacak ve onun adını durum çubuğunda gösterecektir. Siz sesleri piyano tuşesine tıklayarak veya klavye tuşlarındaki kısayol tuşlarına basarak nitelendireceksiniz.
Bir sesi doğal yoldan tahmin etmeden duymak için piyano tuşesine tıklayın. (Bazıları buna kopya çekmek diyor...)
You can configure the idbyname
exercise as you like if
you select Idtone from the "Configure yourself" submenu of the "Misc"
menu.
Bu alıştırmayı kullanmanın bazı yolları vardır. Kişisel olarak, bu alıştırmayı çok kullanmadım, ve aşağıdaki kısımlar sadece önerilerden ibarettir.
Start with only the notes c-d-e at weight 1. When your score is at least 96% correct, you add the tone f and continue. The menu "Misc->Idenify tone", has exercises that will add one and one tone until you practise with all 12 tones.
'Ağır LA' başka bir pratik yapma yolunu ifade eder. Bunun için tercihler penceresinden 'Uzman Kipi' içinde 'Pratik yap' seçilmiş olmalıdır. (Solfege 3.2 sürümünden önce 'Uzman Kipi'nden kurtulmayı umuyoruz).
Ağırlık 11 (veya daha yüksek) derecesinde sesi yapılandırın ve seslerin tümünün ağırlığı 1 olsun. Bu yolla program sesi daha sık çalacak, böylece sesi hatırlayacak ve bu sesi diğer sesleri hatırlamak için bir referans sesi olarak görmeye başlayacaksınız. Bu şekilde bir süre pratik yaptıktan sonra, daha zor alıştırmalara daha cesaretle geçebileceksiniz.
Yapılandır penceresinin tepesinde farklı seslerin ne kadar önemli olduğunu programa söyleyeceksiniz. Eğer örneğin siz bir sese 11 puan, tümünden herbirine 1 puan verirseniz (11+11*1)/11*100 = 50% rastgele tonlar bir olacaktır.
Aşağıda rastgele seslerin hangi oktavdan geleceğini seçebilirsiniz.
Bundan sonra eskisini çözdüyseniz Solfege otomatik olarak size yeni bir soru soracaktır.
Aşağıdaki çerçevede eğer cevabınız yanlışsa, bazı kendiliğinden açıklanmış güzel seçenekleri ayarlayabilirsiniz.
Tuş kısayollarının ayarlanabileceği yer $HOME/.solfegerc
.
The program will play a tempo, like a methronome. You should try to guess how many beats per minute is played. Each button represents ony tempo, and the program will only play in tempos that has a button with bold text. Right-click on buttons to change the status of a tempo.
Note: the rhythm depends on the gtk timeout_add
function to play the rhythm, so it is not very precise.
In this exercise, the program will display all the twelve tones in the scale in a random order and play the first one. Then you should sing all the notes and see if the last note matches. So this is more like an exam in sight singing than an exercise for learning how to sing the intervals. For that you should try some of the other interal exercises.
In this exercise, Solfege will display and play an interval, and you should identify the interval. This is a music theory exercise, and not an ear training exercise. To learn how to name intervals you should read “Intervals”.
You identify the interval by clicking on one button telling the specific name and the general name.
Davide Bonetti has contributed a large set of scale exercises and some pages describing all the scales. You can see the pages here.
In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneosly and melodic intervals if they sound successively.
Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Pistons "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talk about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talk about an intervals numerical size. I am a little unsure what the best terms to use are, because english is my second language. Comments, and improvements to this article, are very welcome.
You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the inteval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.
The specific name say the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and a augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.
Accidentals change the size of intervals. The interval becomes one semitone larger if you add a sharp to the highest tone or a flat to the lowest tone. And it becomes one semitone smaller if you add a flat to the highest tone or a sharp to the lowest tone. In the following sections naming of the intervals will be shown in greater detail.
Seconds are easy to recognise: the two notes are neighbours on the staff. One note is on a staff line, and the other one is in the space above or below. A minor second is one semitone step, also called a half step. A major second is two semitone steps, also called a whole step.
To learn to identify seconds, you first have to learn which seconds there are between the natural tones. As you can see in Şekil 3.1, “”, only the intervals E-F and B-C are minor seconds. The rest are major intervals. You can check that Şekil 3.1, “” is correct by looking at a piano. You will see that there are no black keys between E and F and between B and C.
If the second have accidentals, then we have to examine them to find out how they change the size of the interval. Let us identify a few intervals!
We remove the accidental from the interval in Şekil 3.2, “” and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, and becomes a minor second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still do remember Şekil 3.1, “”, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval become a augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, and the interval becomes a major second.
We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes an augmented second.
A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Şekil 3.5, “” show the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.
Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Şekil 3.6, “” show all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.
A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Şekil 3.7, “” show all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.
If the interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and a augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:
We remember from Şekil 3.7, “” that the interval B-F is a diminished fifth. The lowest tone in Şekil 3.8, “” is preceded by a flat that makes the interval one semitone larger and changes the interval from a diminished to a pure fifth.
We know from Şekil 3.7, “” that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Şekil 3.9, “” the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a doble flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.
Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule apply:
If the third is diminished, then the sixth is augmented
If the third is minor, then the sixth is major
If the third is major, then the sixth is minor
If the third is augmented, then the sixth is diminished
If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals E-C, A-F and B-G are minor. The other four are major. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
Sevenths are identified the same way as sixths. When you invert a seventh, you get a second.
If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals C-B and F-E are major. The other five are minor. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.
You invert an interval when you move the lowest tone of an interval one octave higher or the highest tone one octave lower. The general name changes this way:
Second becomes seventh.
Third becomes sixth.
Forth becomes fifth.
Fifth becomes fourth.
Sixth becomes third.
Seventh becomes second.
The specific name changes this way:
Diminished becomes augmented.
Minor becomes major.
Perfect stays perfect.
Major becomes minor.
Augmented becomes diminished.
Below are two examples, a major third is inverted and becomes a minor sixth, and a minor seventh is inverted and becomes a major second.
İçindekiler
harmonicinterval
modulemelodicinterval
modulesinginterval
modulecompareintervals
moduleidbyname
modulesinganswer
modulerhythm
modulerhythmtapping
modulerhythmtapping2
moduleidtone
modulechord
moduledictation
modulesingchord
modulenameinterval
moduleelembuilder
moduleGNU Solfege is written so that it can easily be extended, even if you do not know any computer programming. The steps are:
Create a lesson file.
Create a learning tree for your own lesson file. You do this only once.
Add the lesson file to the learning tree.
Read “Lesson files” for details on creating
lesson files. The easiest way to get started is to take one of the
existing lesson files, and modify it. The lesson files included in
Solfege are stored in a directory names lesson-files
.
The exact location of this directory depends on your operating system and
show you have installed the program. A few suggestions are
C:\Program files\GNU Solfege
,
/usr/share/solfege
,
/usr/local/share/solfege
or ~/.local/share/solfege
.
You create a learning tree by opening the learning tree editor. Select
.solfege/learningtrees
in your home directory.
Then you create a menu and a submenu with the learning tree editor, and finally adds the lesson file to the selected submenu by clicking the
button.In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.
If you create your own lesson files, you should save them in a directory
named lessonfiles
in your home directory. On MS Windows
the directory is probably C:\Documents and
Settings\yourusername
. To be sure, you can search for the file
.solfegerc
. The directory
lessonfiles
should be created in the same directory as
.solfegerc
.
Then you should add your lesson file to the menus.
You do this with the learning tree editor available on the
menu.
Exercise modules
harmonicintervals
Train harmonic intervals.
melodicintervals
Train one or more melodic intervals.
singinterval
This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.
idbyname
This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.
chord
The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.
chordvoicing
A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.
compareintervals
Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.
rhythm
A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.
dictation
harmonicprogressiondictation
idtone
identifybpm
twelvetone
singchord
Solfege by default expect the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. gedit is a nice little editor that let you edit unicode files.
If you don't like unicode, you can tell Solfege that the file has another encoding by inserting a special comment line as the first line of the file. The following example set the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:
# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
Russians might want to use koi8-r:
# -*- coding: koi8-r -*-
The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.
Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:
# This line is ignored. The next line is not. question { bla bla }
Strings are quoted with the "
character. Example:
"this is a string"
Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or
if the string itself has to contain the "
character:
description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""
NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:
In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.' (line 20): question { (line 21): question { (line 22): name = _("Ionia�)
then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:
iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file
Global variables can save you a few key strokes.
s = "\score\relative c'{ %s } question { # instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }") music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g") }
A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:
header { ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT ... } question { ASSIGNMENT ... }
The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.
Variables shared by many exercise modules
module
Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This
variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in
Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the content
variable.). Example:
module = idbyname
lesson_id
Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string
you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege
will also offer to create a new lesson_id
if you have
two files with identical lesson_id
. Example:
lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"
version
Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:
version = "3.0.7"
title
Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:
title = "Minor and major chords in root position"
lesson_heading
A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:
lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
help
This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:
help = "idbyname-intonation"
By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.
theory
This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:
theory = "scales/maj"
random_transpose
In some exercises the program can transpose the music to
create variation. The default value is yes
. (The
default value changed from no
to
yes
in Solfege 3.0.)
Used in modules: chord
,
chordvoicing
, harmonicprogressiondictation
,
idbyname
, singanswer
,
singchord
Possible values
No transposition will be done.
The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.
Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.
For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in
the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor,
or the question must have a key
variable telling the key signature.
Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.
Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.
enable_right_click = no
By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear
the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to
no
for lesson files where it does not make sense, for
example in a idbyname
lesson file where many questions
have the same name.
Modules: idbyname
, chordvoicing
and chord
.
disable_unused_intervals
= no
By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals
that are not being asked. Set this variable to no
if you
want all buttons to be sensitive.
Modules: harmonicinterval
and
melodicinterval
.
ask_for_intervals_0
Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major
second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending
intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables
ask_for_intervals_1
,
ask_for_intervals_2
etc. In the following example
Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second
or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be
either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.
ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2] ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]
Modules: melodicinterval
and
singinterval
.
intervals
This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises
using the harmonicinterval
module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major
second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:
intervals = [3, 4]
Modules: harmonicinterval
.
test
This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test,
Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number
of times.
This variable is always used together with test_requirement
.
In the following example, each question will be asked
3 times:
test = "3x"
Modules: harmonicinterval
,
idbyname
, melodicinterval
and singinterval
.
test_requirement
This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:
test_requirement = "90%"
Modules: harmonicinterval
,
idbyname
, melodicinterval
and singinterval
.
have_repeat_arpeggio_button
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the exercise to have a
"Repeat arpeggio" button.
Modules: singanswer
.
have_music_displayer
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the question to have a
music displayer.
In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.
In the singanswer
module, setting this variable
will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when
the question is displayed.
Modules: idbyname
,
elembuilder
and
singanswer
.
at_question_start
This variable changes what happens when the user clicks
have_music_displayer
variable is set to
yes
. Setting this variable will also set
have_music_displayer
to yes
.
at_question_start = show
The exercise will get a
button. When the user clicks the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click to hear the music.at_question_start = play
The exercise will get a
button. When the user clicks the music is played. Click to see the music.at_question_start = show, play
When the user clicks
the music is both played and displayed.Modules: idbyname
, elembuilder
and rhythmtapping2
.
vmusic
This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be
displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It
will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is
answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added to
idbyname
in Solfege 2.5.1 and to
elembuilder
in 3.9.2.
Modules: idbyname
and elembuilder
.
rhythm_elements
A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:
rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
0: ,
1:
,
2:
,
3:
,
4:
,
5:
,
6:
,
7:
,
8:
,
9:
,
10:
,
11:
,
12:
,
13:
,
14:
,
15:
,
16:
,
17:
,
18:
,
19:
,
20:
,
21:
,
22:
,
23:
,
24:
,
25:
,
26:
,
27:
,
28:
,
29:
,
30:
,
31:
,
32:
,
33:
,
34:
Modules: rhythm
and rhythmtapping2
Variables you can define in the question block
name
Questions written for the idbyname or the chord exercise modules need a name.
music
For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:
question { name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" music = music(...)" }
you can write:
question { name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" music(...) }
Music objects are documented in “music
objects”.
tempo
Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:
tempo = 150 / 4
This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.
Modules: idbyname
, chord
,
chordvoicing
and
rhythmtapping
.
instrument
By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:
instrument = "cello", 100
The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the velocity of the tones, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:
instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100
This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.
Modules: idbyname
, chord
,
singanswer
and chordvoicing
Each question in your lesson files will define one or more
music
objects.
music
This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you
have to enter complete code with a \staff
command. Example:
variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")
chord
Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:
variable = chord("c' e' g'")
satb
This type of music is used by the singchord exercises. It let you say which tones of a chord the different voices in a choir will sing. Take this, for example:
variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")
The c''
will be sung by the soprano, e'
by the alto, g
by the tenor and
c
by the bass. Please notice that when this music
is played in arpeggio, the tones to be sung by the women, will be played
one octave deeper, of the user is a male. And vice versa if the user
is a female or a child.
voice
This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.
variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
is the same as
variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
rvoice
rvoice
is similar to voice
except that the music is in \relative
mode, relative
to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:
variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2") \staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }
percussion
This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.
variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")
rhythm
This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the
two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone
c
will play the rhythm representing the question,
and the tone d
can be used if you want to write some
sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:
rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")
You should only use two pitches, c
and
d
. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still
work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many
different instruments you should use the percussion music object.
midifile
Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:
variable = midifile("share/example.mid")
wavfile
Play a .wav
file. The path given to the file
is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:
variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")
mp3file
Play a MP3 file. Similar to wavfile
.
oggfile
Play an Ogg Vorbis file. Similar to wavfile
.
cmdline
Run an external program. Example:
cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")
_
_
takes a string as its only argument. Use this if you want Solfege to translate the string for you. Example:
title = _("Bla bla title")
include
Includes another file. Example:
include("singchord-1")
The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.
User documentation is in “Armonik aralık”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = harmonicinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Seconds" intervals = [1, 2] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
User documentation is in “Melodik Aralık”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = melodicinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Seconds and thirds" ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
Tests are only partially implemented for the
melodicinterval
exercise module: tests where each question
is made by more than one interval does not work yet.
User documentation is in “Aralığı seslendir”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = singinterval lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Thirds" ask_for_intervals_0 = [3, 4] test = "3x" test_requirement = "90%" }
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { countin_perc = compareintervals title = "Compare intervals" lesson_id = "9f830e12-1f50-4fa9-8688-1e04469692fa" }
This file will make an exercise that ask you to compare harmonic intervals. And since you do not say which intervals, it will ask for all intervals from a small second up to a major decim.
first_interval_type
, second_interval_type
Let you select if the intervals you are asked to compare should be a
melodic or a harmonic interval. The default value is
melodic
. Possible values:
harmonic
and melodic
.
first_interval_type = melodic second_interval_type = harmonic
Modules: compareintervals
.
first_interval
, last_interval
Select which intervals to select from when creating the questions. This variable should be defined the same way as ask_for_intervals_0. If these two variables are not defined, then the user will be able to select which intervals to practise from the Config page of the exercise.
Modules: compareintervals
.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = idbyname lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Menuitem title" } question { name = "Major" music = chord("c' e' g'") } question { name = "Minor" music = chord("c' es' g'") }
Optional idbyname header variables
filldir = vertic
Tell the direction the buttons are filled. Default value is horiz
.
Modules: idbyname
.
fillnum
Tell how many buttons there are in each row or column. The default value is 1.
Modules: idbyname
.
labelformat
= progression
The default value is normal
.
Set to progression
for lesson files where the name of the
questions is a harmonic progression, written in a undocumented, but not
difficult format. Check some existing lesson file to see how it works.
Modules: idbyname
have_repeat_slowly_button
= yes
Set to yes
if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat slowly" button.
Modules: idbyname
.
See also at_question_start.
Optional question variables
vmusic
See vmusic.
cuemusic
Will be displayed in the music displayer when the user clicks New.
Ignored if at_question_start = play, show
or
at_question_start = show
, because then the content of
music
or vmusic
is displayed when the
user clicks New. (Added in Solfege 2.5.1)
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = singanswer lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Sing the root of the chord" } question { question_text = "Sing the root" music = chord("c' e' g'") answer = chord("c'") } question { question_text = "Sing the root" music = chord("a' c'' e''") answer = chord("a'") }
Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythm lesson_id = "7a4910be-de17-4ce3-9d15-78d48ccf945e" version = "3.1.4" title = "Easy rhythms" rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4 }
visible_rhythm_elements
Define this variable if you want more rhythm elements that the one to
be asked for. This variable must include both the rhythm elements defined
in rhythm_elements
and the extra elements.
Example:
rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
countin_perc
An integer value between 35 and 81, representing the percussion instrument used to give you the beat before the question. The default value is 80. Example:
countin_perc = 35
35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1 67 High Agoga 36 Bass Drum 52 Chinece Cymbal 68 Agogo Low 37 Side Stick 53 Ride Bell 69 Cabasa 38 Acoustic Snare 54 Tambourine 70 Maracas 39 Hand Clap 55 Splash Cymbal 71 Short Whistle 40 Electric Snare 56 Cowbell 72 Long Whistle 41 Low Floor Tom 57 Crash cymbal 2 73 Short Guiro 42 Closed Hi Hat 58 Vibraslap 74 Long Guiro 43 High Floor Tom 59 Ride Cymbal 2 75 Claves 44 Pedal Hi Hat 60 Hi Bongo 76 Hi Wood Block 45 Low Tom 61 Low Bongo 77 Low Wood Block 46 Open HiHat 62 Mute Hi Conga 78 Mute Cuica 47 Low-Mid Tom 63 Open High Conga 79 Open Cuica 48 Hi-Mid Tom 64 Low Conga 80 Mute Triangle 49 Crash Cymbal 1 65 High Timbale 81 Open Triangle 50 High Tom 66 Low Timbale
Modules: rhythm
rhythm_perc
Same as countin_perc, but setting the instrument used to play the question. The default value is 37.
Modules: rhythm
count_in
The number of beats as count in. The default value is 2.
Modules: rhythm
bpm
The tempo, in beats per minute. The default value is 60.
Modules: rhythm
num_beats
The number of elements the question is made of. The default value is 4.
Modules: rhythm
Exercises using this module will play some music and then the user should tap the rhythm. The program will then say if the users rhythm is similar enough to the rhythm played by the computer.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythmtapping lesson_id = "82b718e8-f174-446f-8297-58ddd17dae03" version = "3.7.0" title = "Rhythm tapping test" } question { music = rhythm("c4 c8 c8") } question { music = music("\staff\relative c'{c4 d8 e f4}\addvoice\relative c'{c4 b8 c a4}") rhythm = rhythm("c4 c8 c c4") }
The first question in the example is very simple and self explaining.
Solfege will play the rhythm defined in the music
variable,
and the user should tap that rhythm.
The second question is a little more complicated. Here Solfege will play
the music defined in the music
variable. And when the user
taps the rhythm, Solfege will compare the users rhythm with the rhythm defined
in the rhythm
variable. The reason for using two variables
is that Solfege is not smart enought to figure out the rhythm if you enter
polyphonic music. It make noe difference if you set the
rhythm
variable to be a rhythm
music
object, or another single voice type like rvoice
. This might
change in the future. You as a lesson file author must make sure the rhythms in
the two variables are in fact the same.
Solfege will play a generated rhythm, and the user should tap the same rhythm.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = rhythmtapping2 lesson_id = "7a4916be-de47-42e3-9d15-78d48ccf945e" version = "3.7.0" title = "Rhythm tapping test" rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4 }
See also at_question_start.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { module = idtone title = "Id tone 3" lesson_id = "e263d70a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72" black_keys_weight = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 white_keys_weight = 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
The 'weight' of a tone tell how big chance is it that the program will select this tone as the next to identify. Think of the weight of a tone as the number of lottery tickets with the name of the tone.
The variable black_keys_weight
set the weight of the
tones c#, d#, f#, g# and a#, and white_keys_weight
will set
the weight of the tones c, d, e, f, g, a, b. In the example above, the tones c,
d and e get an equal weight of 1, the other tones 0. This mean that the only
tones that will be asked for are c, d and e, and that the three tones share the
same probability to be selected.
The chord module let you identify different properties of chords, such as their name, inversion, top tone etc.
The properties are defined by the props
variable in
the lesson file header, and there should be a variable
prop_labels
that defines the label to use.
props
and prop_labels
must be lists of
equal length. You only have to define these two variables if you need
other properties than the default ones: name
,
inversion
and toptone
.
Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.
header { module = chord title = "Minor and major chords" lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72" qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone" qprop_labels = _("Chord type"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone") } question { name = "Major" music = chord("c' e' g'") inversion = 0 } question { name = "Minor" music = chord("es' g' c''") inversion = 1 }
The inversion
property is special. If assigned integer
values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So 0
is replaced with "root position", 1
with "1. inversion" etc.
Example:
header { module = dictation lesson_id = "a265df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2" title = _("Norwegian children songs") version = "2.1.10" } question { name = "Bæ, bæ, lille lam" tempo = 130/4 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 8/1, 10/1, 12/1, 14/1 music = rvoice(""" \time 4/4 c'2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 | c2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 | a'4 f f f | g2. e4 | f d d d | e2. c4 | a'2 f | g e4 e | f b, b b | c1 | """) } question { # this tempo definition overrides the global tempo = 160/4 name = "Lisa gikk til skolen" breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 6/1 music = rvoice(""" \time 4/4 c' d e f | g2 g2 | a4 a a a | g1 | f4 f f f | e2 e | d4 d d d | c1 """) } question { name = "Det satt to katter på et bord..." tempo = 96/4 music = rvoice(""" \key g \major \time 2/4 d'8 | [g g] [fis e] | [fis g] a4 | [d,16 d d d] [e8 fis] | g2 """) }
By default, the dictation exercise will show the first column of music, and then the user should write the rest. But if the first column is not good enough, for example if there are only rests on the first beat, these two variables can tell the program how much music to display:
clue_end
The following example will display the music on all staffs in the first quarter note:
clue_end=1/4
clue_music
This is an alternative to clue_end
. The music assigned
to clue_music
will be shown to the user when he should
start the dictation. You should not use both clue_end
and clue_music
in the same question.
breakpoints
Set breakpoints in the music, so you can hear the music in parts when doing the dictation.
Questions for this exercise need to have the key
variable set if the key signature is anything else than ''c'' major (or ''a'' minor). Example:
header { module = singchord lesson_id = "a404df62-e037-6a1b-9027-cd05397e88a2" version = "3.1.4" title = "Simple chords" } question { music = "c''|e'|g|c" } question { music = "a'|e'|c'|a" } question { key="d \major" music = "a'|fis'|d'|d"} question { key="f \minor" music = "as'|f'|c'|f"}
See also “Akoru söyle”.
Here is a minimal lesson file:
header { lesson_id = "5623c43e-f529-4376-a0c9-c7d533050360" module = nameinterval title = _("Fifths") intervals = p5, a5, d5 }
intervals
A list the the intervals to ask for. The intervals are written
in a short form, a letter and a number, like d5
or m7
. The letters are telling the interval quality are
'd' for diminished, 'a' for augmented, 'm' for minor, 'M' for major and
'p' for perfect.
tones
This variable sets the range of tones that can be used when
constructing the intervals. The note names as to be quoted. The
default value is "b", "g''"
. Example:
tones = "c'", "f''" # valid tones = c', f'' # not valid
accidentals
This variable defines how many accidentals the tones making the interval can have. The value 0 means no accidentals, 1 means that flats and sharps are allowed, and 2 means that double flats and double sharps are allowed. The default value is 1. Example:
accidentals = 2
clef
Set which clef to use. The default value is violin
.
Possible values: violin
, treble
,
subbass
, bass
,
baritone
, varbaritone
,
tenor
, alto
,
mezzosoprano
and french
.
Example:
clef = bass
Here is a minimal lesson file:
element progI { label = "I" } element progIV { label = "IV" } element progV { label = "V" } header { lesson_id = "3f3872c0-ef2e-4132-9fb1-97f75c7b28fd" module = elembuilder title = "progression test" elements = auto # uncomment if you want a music displayer. # have_music_displayer = yes } question { music = rvoice("<c' e g> <b d g> <c e g>") elements = progI, progV, progI name = "I-V-I" } question { music = rvoice("<c' e g> <c f a> <c e g>") elements = progI, progIV, progI name = "I-IV-I" }
This block defines the elements the user can put together to answer the
question. Each block is named by the string between element
and {
. The block defines one variable,
label
that is the label the button will get.
label
can either be a plain string, or a progressionlabel
. Progressionlabel strings are displayed a little larger than the default font, and a simple syntax let you get small subscript and superscript numbers. Try I-(6,4)V(6,4)-I
or I-IV(6)-V(6)-I
to get an idea how it works.
elements
This variable defines which elements to display. Set this to auto
to display all elements that are needed to answer the questions in the lesson file. You can display more elements that needed to make it more difficult for the user. An example:
elements = progI, progIV, progV, progIV, progV_6
music_displayer_stafflines
Set this if you want the music displayer to show more than one empty staff line when the music displayer have no music to display.
See also at_question_start.
elements
This variable defines which elements defines the question.
tonic
The exercise will have a "Play tonic" button if this variable is defined in a question in the lesson file. The variable should contain some music to play to the user so that he knows the tonic of the question. This can be useful in harmonic progressions that does not start on the tonic. This variable is optional. Example:
tonic = chord("c e g")
See also vmusic.
acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths) bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead) electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age) honky-tonk orchestral strings pad 2 (warm) electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth) electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir) harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed) clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic) celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo) glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep) music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain) vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack) marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal) xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere) tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness) dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins) drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes) percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi) rock organ brass section sitar church organ synthbrass 1 banjo reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen accordion soprano sax koto harmonica alto sax kalimba concertina tenor sax bagpipe acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock distorted guitar flute taiko drum guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom acoustic bass pan flute synth drum electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal electric bass (pick) skakuhachi guitar fret noise fretless bass whistle breath noise slap bass 1 ocarina seashore slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter violin lead 4 (chiff) applause viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot cello lead 6 (voice)
The first column is the integer value for the instrument. The second column tell the name of the note you should enter in the rhythm music object.
35 b,, Acoustic Bass Drum 59 b Ride Cymbal 2 36 c, Bass Drum 1 60 c' Hi Bongo 37 cis, Side Stick 61 cis' Low Bongo 38 d, Acoustic Snare 62 d' Mute Hi Conga 39 dis, Hand Clap 63 dis' Open High Conga 40 e, Electric Snare 64 e' Low Conga 41 f, Low Floor Tom 65 f' High Timbale 42 fis, Closed Hi Hat 66 fis' Low Timbale 43 g, High Floor Tom 67 g' High Agogo 44 gis, Pedal Hi Hat 68 gis' Agogo Low 45 a, Low Tom 69 a' Cabasa 46 ais, Open HiHat 70 ais' Maracas 47 b, Low-Mid Tom 71 b' Short Whistle 48 c Hi-Mid Tom 72 c'' Long Whistle 49 cis Crash Cymbal 1 73 cis'' Short Guiro 50 d High Tom 74 d'' Long Guiro 51 dis Ride Cymbal 1 75 dis'' Claves 52 e Chinese Cymbal 76 e'' Hi Wood Block 53 f Ride Bell 77 f'' Low Wood Block 54 fis Tambourine 78 fis'' Mute Cuica 55 g Splash Cymbal 79 g'' Open Cuica 56 gis Cowbell 80 gis'' Mute Triangle 57 a Crash Cymbal 2 81 a'' Open Triangle 58 ais Vibraslap
Version 2, June 1991
Telif Hakkı © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Version 2, June 1991
İçindekiler
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software - to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps:
copyright the software, and
offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a “work based on the Program ” means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification ”.) Each licensee is addressed as “you”.
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License.
If the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2 in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
Bu ek kullanıcı bir alıştırma seçmeden önce, program başladığında karşısına çıkan belgeleri içerir.
Solfege bir
Select a exercise from the menu to start practising, or click here to read the user manual.
Bu programın amaçlarından biri de kaynak kodları konusunda hiç bir şey bilmeseniz bile yazılımı genişletebilme olanağına sahip olabilmenizdir. Eğer bazı özel akorlar üzerine pratik yapmak veya olmayan bazı müziklerle dikte yapmak isterseniz, ders dosyaları yazabilir ve bu dosyaları $HOME