Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
a + b * c.
In such cases three rules apply:
1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
a + (b * c)
2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
a && b - c || d
(a && (b - c)) || d
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
a - b - c i
(a - b) - c
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
The operator ˆ raises a to the b power. b may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See pow. (New in Csound version 3.493.)
Here is an example of the ˆ operator. It uses the files raises.orc and raises.sco.
Example 15-1. Example of the ˆ operator.
/* raises.orc */
; Initialize the global variables.
sr = 44100
kr = 4410
ksmps = 10
nchnls = 1
; Instrument #1.
instr 1
i1 = 2 ^ 12
print i1
endin
/* raises.orc */
/* raises.sco */
; Play Instrument #1 for one second.
i 1 0 1
e
/* raises.sco */
instr 1: i1 = 4096.000