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Section author: Gavin Huttley
A common task concerns assessing how substitution model exchangeability parameters differ between evolutionary lineages. This is most commonly of interest for the case of testing for natural selection. Here I’ll demonstrate the different ways of scoping parameters across trees for the codon model case and how these can be used for evolutionary modelling.
We start with the standard imports, plus using a canned codon substitution model and then load the sample data set.
>>> from cogent import LoadSeqs, LoadTree
>>> from cogent.evolve.models import MG94HKY
>>> aln = LoadSeqs("data/long_testseqs.fasta")
>>> tree = LoadTree("data/test.tree")
We construct the substitution model and likelihood function and set the alignment.
>>> sm = MG94HKY()
>>> lf = sm.makeLikelihoodFunction(tree, digits=2, space=3)
>>> lf.setAlignment(aln)
At this point we have a likelihood function with two exchangeability parameters from the substitution model (kappa the transition/transversion ratio; omega the nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio) plus branch lengths for all tree edges. To facilitate subsequent discussion I now display the tree
>>> print tree.asciiArt()
/-Human
/edge.0--|
/edge.1--| \-HowlerMon
| |
| \-Mouse
-root----|
|--NineBande
|
\-DogFaced
In order to scope a parameter on a tree (meaning specifying a subset of edges for which the parameter is to be treated differently to the remainder of the tree) requires uniquely identifying the edges. We do this using the following arguments to the likelihood function setParamRule method:
The next concepts include exactly what can be scoped and how. In the case of testing for distinctive periods of natural selection it is common to specify distinct values for omega for an edge. I’ll first illustrate some possible uses for the arguments above by setting omega to be distinctive for specific edges. I will set a value for omega so that printing the likelihood function illustrates what edges have been effected, but I won’t actually do any model fitting.
I’m going to cause omega to attain a different value for all branches aside from the primate clade and stem (HowlerMon, Human, edge.0).
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['DogFaced', 'Mouse'],
... outgroup_name='Human', init=2.0, is_clade=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
1.00
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.03 1.00
HowlerMon edge.0 0.04 1.00
edge.0 edge.1 0.04 1.00
Mouse edge.1 0.28 2.00
edge.1 root 0.02 2.00
NineBande root 0.09 2.00
DogFaced root 0.11 2.00
-----------------------------------
==============
motif mprobs
--------------
T 0.23
C 0.19
A 0.37
G 0.21
--------------
As you can see omega for the primate edges I listed above have the default parameter value (1.0), while the others have what I’ve assigned. In fact, you could omit the is_clade argument as this is the default, but I think for readability of scripts it’s best to be explicit.
This time I’ll specify the stem leading to the primates as the edge of interest.
Note
I need to reset the lf so all edges have the default value again. I’ll show this only for this example, but rest assured I’m doing it for all others too.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', init=1.0)
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', init=2.0, is_stem=True, is_clade=False)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
1.00
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.03 1.00
HowlerMon edge.0 0.04 1.00
edge.0 edge.1 0.04 2.00
Mouse edge.1 0.28 1.00
edge.1 root 0.02 1.00
NineBande root 0.09 1.00
DogFaced root 0.11 1.00
-----------------------------------...
I’ll specify that both the primates and their stem are to be considered.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', init=2.0, is_stem=True, is_clade=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
1.00
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.03 2.00
HowlerMon edge.0 0.04 2.00
edge.0 edge.1 0.04 2.00
Mouse edge.1 0.28 1.00
edge.1 root 0.02 1.00
NineBande root 0.09 1.00
DogFaced root 0.11 1.00
-----------------------------------...
The likelihood function setParamRule method also has the arguments of edge and edges. These allow specific naming of the tree edge(s) to be affected by a rule. In general, however, the tip_names + outgroup_name combo is more robust.
The general use-cases for which a tree scope can be applied are:
constraining all edges identified by a rule to have a specific value which is constant and not modifiable
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True, is_constant=True)
all edges identified by a rule have the same but different value to the rest of the tree
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True)
allowing all edges identified by a rule to have different values of the parameter with the remaining tree edges having the same value
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True, is_independent=True)
allowing all edges to have a different value
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', is_independent=True)
I’ll demonstrate these cases sequentially as they involve gradually increasing the degrees of freedom in the model. First we’ll constrain omega to equal 1 on the primate edges. I’ll then optimise the model.
Note
here I’m specifying a constant value for the parameter and so I must use the argument value to set it. This not to be confused with the argument init that is used for providing initial (starting) values for fitting.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True, value=1.0, is_constant=True)
>>> lf.optimise(local=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
3.87
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.09 1.00
HowlerMon edge.0 0.12 1.00
edge.0 edge.1 0.12 0.92
Mouse edge.1 0.84 0.92
edge.1 root 0.06 0.92
NineBande root 0.28 0.92
DogFaced root 0.34 0.92
-----------------------------------
==============
motif mprobs
--------------
T 0.23
C 0.19
A 0.37
G 0.21
--------------
>>> print lf.getLogLikelihood()
-8640.9...
>>> print lf.getNumFreeParams()
9
I’ll now free up omega on the primate clade, but making it a single value shared by all primate lineages.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True, is_constant=False)
>>> lf.optimise(local=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
3.85
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.09 0.77
HowlerMon edge.0 0.12 0.77
edge.0 edge.1 0.12 0.92
Mouse edge.1 0.84 0.92
edge.1 root 0.06 0.92
NineBande root 0.28 0.92
DogFaced root 0.34 0.92
-----------------------------------
==============
motif mprobs
--------------
T 0.23
C 0.19
A 0.37
G 0.21
--------------
>>> print lf.getLogLikelihood()
-8639.7...
>>> print lf.getNumFreeParams()
10
Finally I’ll allow all primate edges to have different values of omega.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', tip_names=['Human', 'HowlerMon'],
... outgroup_name='Mouse', is_clade=True, is_independent=True)
>>> lf.optimise(local=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
3.85
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.09 0.59
HowlerMon edge.0 0.12 0.95
edge.0 edge.1 0.12 0.92
Mouse edge.1 0.84 0.92
edge.1 root 0.06 0.92
NineBande root 0.28 0.92
DogFaced root 0.34 0.92
-----------------------------------
==============
motif mprobs
--------------
T 0.23
C 0.19
A 0.37
G 0.21
--------------
>>> print lf.getLogLikelihood()
-8638.9...
>>> print lf.getNumFreeParams()
11
We now allow omega to be different on all edges.
>>> lf.setParamRule('omega', is_independent=True)
>>> lf.optimise(local=True)
>>> print lf
Likelihood Function Table
=====
kappa
-----
3.85
-----
===================================
edge parent length omega
-----------------------------------
Human edge.0 0.09 0.59
HowlerMon edge.0 0.12 0.95
edge.0 edge.1 0.12 1.13
Mouse edge.1 0.84 0.92
edge.1 root 0.06 0.38
NineBande root 0.28 1.27
DogFaced root 0.34 0.84
-----------------------------------
==============
motif mprobs
--------------
T 0.23
C 0.19
A 0.37
G 0.21
--------------
>>> print lf.getLogLikelihood()
-8636.1...
>>> print lf.getNumFreeParams()
15